Lecture Week

Find the stress in the same elastic plate under the combined loading. Solution: Known the stress functions in the two different loading cases. Thus the stress functions can be added directly as per the â€Å"superposition principle†. 4. 7 Solution Approaches and Skills Introduction After define the B. C. , one should solve for three groups of unknowns: Displacement: u,v,w Strain Stress It is however impossible to solve for these unknowns altogether. We often have to solve one or two groups first. As such we have four different methods: displacement teeth, strain method, stress method and mixed method.Fig. 4. 8 Flowchart of displacement method (replace stress and strain by displacement). Displacement Method Unknowns: u, v, w Procedure: Other two sets of the unknown variables must be eliminated from the equations. Thus we replace strain and stress in displacements, which can be done as follows: We derive (refer to Tutorial Question #3, Week 5) where Lovelace operator: and After obtain u, v, w, one can calculate strain by using strain-displacement equation and then calculate the stress by using Hooker's law.Note that the solution must satisfy the boundary conditions. Stress Method Unknowns: Procedure: Solve for stress component first and then strains and displacements. Strain Method 4. 8 Problem 1: Solution to Cylinder under Internal and External Pressure Introduction It is convenient to use cylindrical coordinate system for many engineering problem which involves in circular geometry (e. G. Fig. 4. 8). Cylindrical coordinate system Similar to Cartesian coordinate system, cylindrical system consists of 3 independent coordinates: (r, 0, z) as shown in Fig. 4. 9.Equilibrium equations in AD cylindrical system (can be derived by replacing coordinate): Strain-Displacement relations: Normal: Hooker's Law in AD: Displacement Method Step 1: Check the Boundary conditions: At:Ã'› Shear: Step 2 Analysis: The deformation is asymmetric and under plane strain. So the d eformation is independent of coordinate z and 0. Thus the circumferential and axial displacement v and w vanish, and displacements can be expressed as: Step 3 Strain – Displacement relation: Step 4 Apply Hooker's law: Step 5: Equilibrium Equations The second and third equations are satisfied automatically.The first equation is: Substitution of Hooker's law into the above equation of Thus Step 6: Solve for this linear and static ordinary differential equation Thus its solution an be assumed as (Displacement Method) (in which CLC and co are constants to be determined by using B. C. ) Step 7: plug this trial function (solution) into the Strain – Displacement equations Similarly, we can have: where . Now the question is how to determine A and B. Equations. Step 8: Apply B. C. O determine the constants which leads to: and From A and B we can calculate CLC and co: Step 9: Calculate all the functions Displacements: Strains: Stresses: Plane Stress Problem: Replacing E and 0 by and , we can further obtain the solution to the corresponding plane stress problems. Plant stress Fig. 4. 0 Pressurized cylinder with plane strain and plane stress Displacement: Remarks: are independent on material properties. The cylinder made of any materials will have the same stress values and thus if strength is the major concern, one should select the highest strength material.However, the displacement and strains are dependent on material properties. If the stiffness is the main concern, a higher E modulus material should be chosen. When , one have Since , the radial stress (always negative) and (always positive). Thus: . As all shear stresses are zero, thus the principal stresses are: 4. 9 Saint-Vents Principle In the cantilever beam problem, some observed some difference of stress contours as shown in Fig. 4. 11.Saint Vents observed that in pure bending of a beam conforms a rigorous solution only when the external forces applied at the ends of beams are distributed over th e end is the same as internal stress distribution, I. E. Linear distribution. Saint Vents Principle: If the force acting on a small portion of the surface of an elastic body are replaced by another statically equivalent system of forces acting on the same portion of the surface, such redistribution of loading produces substantial change in stress locally tit a linear dimensions of the surface on which the force are changed†.Two key assumptions: (1) very small loading area compared with the whole dimension. The affected area will be much smaller than the unaffected area Unaffected>>Affected. E. G in the tensile bar as shown in Fig 4. 12, L>>a, in which the affected area will take roughly: Aziza. (2) Force replaced must be statically equivalent. The replacement must not change either the resultant force or resultant couple. For example the slender bar is stretched in different ways as below, where one can approximately define the effected and unaffected areas.Tensile test In the tensile test, the way of holding a specimen has no effect on the stress and deformation in the middle region of the specimen. In test code requires a sufficient length of the specimen to avoid the end effect on the testing result. It is an application of Saint-Pennant's principle. Four-point bending The better positioning of strain gauge should be in a far field as shown below to get more stable and reliable testing result. Cantilever beam in FEE The end force can be applied in different way, which only affects a small area as shown.

Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide

Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Martin Novick Group 14, Chemical Engineering Laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 Summary The goal of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the project were the jacketed beaker batch reactor and the LabPro conductivity probe.The solution’s conductivity throughout the reaction was collected and plotted in a linearized plot against time to retrieve value for each trial. The rate law was assumed to be = , where and are the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) values were plotted against the inverse temperatures to ( linearize the Ar rhenius equation. The k o value and E value from the linearized Arrhenius plot were found to be 15  ± 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402  ± 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E value being negative suggests the reaction is exothermic. The large standard errors of the and values were probably caused by the low number of data points collected or the assumed rate law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Saponification is a chemical process heavily used in industry, especially in soap production.Knowing the effects of temperature on the reaction rate allows better control over the reaction process and find the optimizing point of production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes reactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum possible profit. 2 The saponif ication of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction given as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 > CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. [2] The rate was assumed to be second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant,[2] with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as:[4] dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH concentration, Cac is the concentration of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting concentration of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate throughout the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. Substituting the expressions for COH and Cac into Equation 1 results in: dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt Equation 2 is then separated and integrated shown as the following: ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result of equation 3 would become: ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate solution was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 times of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . After the substitution of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to: 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship between xo x (5) and conductivity of the solution was given as:[2] ? = , ? (6) where is the initial conductivity of NaOH before adding ethyl acetate, s the conductivity after the reaction has reached completion, and is the conductivity at any point of time during the reaction process. Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following: ? ln (0. 2 ? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since , and are constants, the only variable in the left hand side of Equation 7 being . Each point can be substituted into the left hand side of Equation 7 and plotted against time to retrieve a linear plot with the slope being the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, and activation energy, , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as: k = k o , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by taking the natural log of both sides: ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . RT 1 (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship between ln(k) and 4 the y-intercept being ln( ) and the slope being . Hence: k o = ey? intercept . = ? (10) (11) Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, mixing stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the limiting reactant. [1] NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its high conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more visible, and the termination of the reaction can be more easily observed. The each experimental trail was setup as shown in Figures A1 and A2 of Appendix A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the surface of the reacting solution. One data reading was retrieved per second. Before the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at desired temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 isothermal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was only a function of temperature; if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would also vary throughout the reaction. The reaction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For about the first half a minute, only the conductivity of NaOH in the r eactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily observed. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point after the major drop of conductivity due to the addition of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started after about half a minute after the start of the data collection by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a uniform temperature of the solution, to prevent any local k values being different from the overall k value. If there any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, there would be different local k values throughout the reactor. Data collection was terminated at least half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity, , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects were remove d by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 Figure 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln( ) . The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in Figure 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the data does not have a good linear fit. The lack of data points may have been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the same temperature mostly seem to have small variations, but overall has the predicted trend of decreasing in ln(k) value as ?1 increases. The plot has a negative overall trend with and hence retrieving a negative E value. The negative E value suggests the release of energy as the reaction proceeds. Table B1 in appendix B shows the retrieved values of k, ko and E. The positive ko value was expected according to Equation 8.Since k valu es are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko must also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The standard errors of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the original value, suggests the data as imprecise. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in Figure 1, there is a notable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and 1 1 = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the variance in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each laboratory day. Another possible cause maybe that the contents of solutions may have reacted with the atmosphere introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k values all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 of Appendix B shows the plots of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The p lots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. Also the R2 values of the plots were all above 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear best fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear property of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the full data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving like a first order reaction. The first order reaction behavior is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treated as a consta nt. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. Conclusion and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15  ± 0. 3 and ? 36402  ± 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is concluded to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was concluded to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were above 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded that all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is needed to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. More trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large bulk solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be solved by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References [1] Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. â€Å"Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Standard Operating Procedures,† (2010) [2] Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Hydroxide as a General Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. [3] Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. à ¢â‚¬Å"Reaction Second Order,† Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. [4] Schmidt, Larry D. â€Å"The Engineering of Chemical Reactions,† 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 APPENDIX A: Experimental Set Up Figure A 1: Shows the theoretical setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2: Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B: Experimental Results and Data Table B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 (Trial 1) 16 (Trial 2) 18 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ( 1 ?1 ) ( ) Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 44  ± 0. 04 18. 33  ± 0. 03 20. 30  ± 0. 05 20. 30  ± 0. 5 22. 24  ± 0. 04 22. 25  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 15  ± 3 ? 36402  ± 8191 k-values ( 1 min? 1 ) 1. 674 ±0. 001 2. 023 ±0. 001 1. 921 ±0. 002 2. 241 ±0. 002 2. 247 ±0. 003 2. 244 ±0. 006 2. 169 ±0. 002 2. 572 ±0. 003 3. 140 ±0. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 4 6 Time (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 12 Figuer B 1 Plot of 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 +1)) 1. 25 y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 Linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 Plot of 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2. 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X Variable 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X Variable 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Vari able 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C: Sample Calculations Volume of 1M NaOH solution needed to prepare 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution: 0. 3 ? 0. 08 = 0. 024 = 24 Volume of ethyl acetate needed to prepare a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution: 1000 88. 105 3 0. 001 0. 10 ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96 0. 897 3 Finding E value: Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees: = ? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D: Error Analysis If the result (R) is calculated by the following equation: = ? where is the exponent of the independent variable, . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation: 2 2 = (? ( ) ) 1 (1) (2) where is taken from equation 5, is the standard error of each individual independent variable. Since the equation used is the following: ? ln (0. 8 ( ? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25 = , 3) where is the rate constant, is the initial conductivity, is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, is the conductivity at any time, and is the initial concentration of the NaOH s olution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with = 36. 662 is show as the follow: 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 was given the value of 0. 08 with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0339. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the best fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line making the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence level as: = 1. 96 ? , v? 2 ? 2 Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be: 20 = 1. 96 ? , v 1 (? )2 + 2 , (? 2 ? 2 ) (5) Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 . The standard error of estimate, , , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as: , =v ? ( ? )2 , ? 2 (6) where is the y value of the points, is the corresponding y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves. Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and t hat the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012). See more:  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay The position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by using every available means of contraceptive, not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim. When evaluating risk, one should take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P. David, PhD stated after conclusive research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org). Usual feelings aft er an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief. It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make. Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, technology has made abortion safer in the last few years. Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman. Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing. As with most any conflicts, there are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade. In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right† (Roe v. Wade). On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights. The Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control. Abortion is not all together without some medical complications. The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea. Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more. Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very short p rocedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies from physical and psychological effects. Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves. Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned. In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you. Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against her religion. â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States. The research shows that the peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before. Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose. Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of freedom in the United States. References Bose, D. (2012). Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton. (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.html. Dudley, S., Ph.D., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.d.). Retrieved from National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006. http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. Fourteenth Amendment. (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv Heath, S. (2012, April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/ Roe v. Wade . (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/should-abortion-be-legal.html.

Martin Luther King. Jr. Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay

Martin Luther King. Jr. Letter From Birmingham Jail - Essay Example The Letter from Birmingham Jail, written by Martin Luther King, Jr. from the city jail in Birmingham, Alabama, was a response letter to a dictating statement made by eight Clergymen belonging to the majority white sections. Even while responding to each and every charge of the clergyman, King tries to persuade both the Clergymen as well as the moderate sections of the White population to understand the African-American point of view. From earlier times, the social activists in order to actualize and promote social justice will normally use rhetorical and at the same time persuasive strategies to persuade theirs’ opponents. On those same lines, King in his letter tries to persuade certain sections of the population by adopting Aristotle’s rhetoric devices or three modes of persuasion, Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Martin Luther King exhibits clear and at the same high sense of Ethos in the letter, starting from the first paragraph itself. Ethos in a written or spoken content is related to the characteristics including the morality of the person. He/she would always take moral and fair decisions, without compromising ethics. Although, he states that he and his secretaries may not read and reply to all the criticism letters, he had made attempt to give a reply to this letter by the Clergymen, whom he views as good people and also as he wants to answer in a patient and reasonable mindset. â€Å"I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.† (King 1). Through these words, King gives importance to the Clergymen, and this valuing will surely make these Clergymen favourably consider King’s response letter. The other aspect of Ethos is to represent himself/herself as an equivalent to their counterparts and importantly to prove that he/she has the power to handle the affairs and the authority to represent his /her people. King puts forward this aspect by stating how he has served as the President of the Southern Christian Leadership conference, and how that tenure proves that he has apt authority to represent the African-Americans in any level of talks. (King 2). Furthermore, King likens him as a prophet of freedom like Paul, who has been given the authority by his people to represent and talk for them. â€Å"Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.† (King 3). This elevation of himself, again shows that he is better endowed and understanding person, who can exhibit the mindset and views of the African Americans effectively. To further impress upon the Clergymen and also the moderate sections about their suppression and plight, and how they have to be understood and treated fairly, King uses Pathos. King tries to evoke Pathos by pointing out in vivid details how the daily lives of the African Americans is becoming living hell due to the brutalities, carr ied out by the majority sections. â€Å"But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim.† (King 14). By pointing out how even a small child has not remained unaffected by the oppression carried out by the Whites, he further evokes sympathy. â€Å"†¦when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your sex-year-old daughter why she can't go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television† (King 14). Through these lines, King wants to showcase to the Clergymen, who criticised him, how his fellow men and woman are struggling to live a life with respect. Pathos was again used as a mode of persuasion in the latter part of the letter, when he talks about how the Police gravely assaulted and repressed the harmless African-Americans. â€Å"†¦if you had seen its dogs sinking their teeth into unarmed, nonviolent Negroes†¦i f you were to see them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys†

Research Purpose Statement Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Purpose Statement Development - Essay Example universities.† This purpose statement explains and justifies the intent of the future research; it sets the objectives and clarifies the main idea of the research study. The NCU Proposal and Dissertation Review Form (DRF) serves as a source reference for additional information regarding purpose statement requirements and appropriate documentation. A series of questions explored the research problem before explaining and justifying the proposed purpose statement. Various sources are utilized in this paper, including different published research materials and Internet articles. The impact of foreign students on the educational industry in America can’t be ignored both in terms of the financial aspects and the diversity these students bring to American colleges and universities (Institute of International Education (IIE), 2010). However the response to this growing number of international students has been at best apathetic. While there has been a range of different studies completed in the last ten years on concepts such as student stress, cultural stress and other identified stresses that international students contend with when they commence their educational journey in America the reports seem to be unable to find a practical solution to the problem. This lack of educational model, one that could increase international student success and satisfaction in studying in American institutions, could negatively impact the future of this so far growing business. Given that the IIE (2010) reported that international students contribute almost $20 billion dollars through their tuition expenses and living costs more efforts should be made to ensure that the educational experience for international students is positive and meets their needs. The research conducted to date has focused on identifying key stresses that international students face when they study in America. While this author has found a wealth of material about international students and the

Pathway to RVCC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pathway to RVCC - Essay Example At the time I took that job, I had planned on enrolling in college to get a degree in Nursing. But working full-time and raising my son by myself proved to be very demanding, so I decided to put school on the back burner for a while and concentrate on paying my debts and spending quality time with my son. It was at this time that I met a lovely man, and we decided that since we liked each other so much, we might as well make a commitment to each other. We combined the money we were spending on rent and got a home for ourselves. We found a charming cape-cod-style house in Somerville with a yard big enough for my son and his two active golden retrievers. We thought we were the luckiest people alive! Fast forward to February 14, 2004-our lucky streak ended. The job I had just lost was a union job that required only a high school diploma, and it paid well. Now I realized that without a "proper" education, I could never make as much money as before. It was a difficult time, and I feared for the future of my family. But my lack of a college education trapped me where I was. One day, while waiting for the blue unemployment checks to arrive, I ventured out on Route 22 West searching for a Walmart, and saw a sign that said "Raritan Valley Community College: next right." Something took over me, and I made the right almost instinctively, which led me to the college campus. I found the perfect parking space and wandered into the building. At the student advisement center, I poured my heart out to the college counselor. She listened and guided me through the college enrollment process, which was easier than I had thought. I did some research on their Nursing program and knew right away it was the degree I wanted to pursue. It was one of the best decisions I ever made in my life! I later came to realize that I loved college, making new friends, and just being in a learning environment. I think I will be a student for life. Eventually, I found a great job working in the medical practice. I even turned down the union when they came calling with a job offer. I had decided to finish what I started in college, and I never looked back-a choice that sets a good example for my son as well. He's very proud of me-and one day his Mommy will be a Nurse and help others feel better. His sweet words made me feel lucky

The relationship between price and Money Supply Research Paper

The relationship between price and Money Supply - Research Paper Example This is done by issuing sufficient monetary instruments when required. The Central banks also help the government in designing the currency of the country, which includes all the unique features. 2. It is involved in regulating and co-coordinating with the government and the stated economic policies of the country. 3. The interest rates are also controlled by the central banks to maintain price stability within the country. It also has to keep a track of the inflation in the market. The Central Banks of all the countries have an effective plan for managing the public debts. They do this through the sales and purchase of government papers such as bonds and securities. 4. The Central Bank is also known as a banker's bank. This means that the commercial banks of the countries are also regulated by the Central banks of the respective country. The Central bank not only regulates them but also provide adequate financial assistance in time of need. 5. The central bank needs to ensure the pr oper functioning of the financial systems within the county. They regulate the banking system within the country and are answerable to the world market (Downes & Vaez-Radeh, 1991). Balance Sheet Analysis The Balance Sheet of Central Banks has the list of all the liabilities and the assets that the Central Bank possesses. It is important to study the balance sheet of the Central banks in order to understand how they implement the monetary policy because the balance sheet reflects the sales, purchase records of the Central Bank and also states the holding. The Central Bank is the in charge for issuing the country's currency and it also posses the power to eliminate the power of the currency. In short, we can say that the balance sheet shows the true picture of the actions of the Central Bank. The balance sheet of a Central Bank focuses on three main components: bankers to commercial banks, Issuing the nations' currency and banker to the government of the country (Jadhav, 2006, p. 246) . The Balance Sheet needs to be analyzed from two viewpoints such as: as an issuer of currency and duty to maintain the price stability and the growth of the economy through attaining the monetary policies of the countries' economy. It is important to know certain important perspectives to understand the balance sheets of the Central banks. Firstly, the central banks are fully government owned. There are very few exceptions, but in that case there are certain restrictions on the share-holding patterns. Secondly, Central banks are the only banker for the government of ever nation. Finally, the Central bank also has to take care of the public debt. It has to always see that the net foreign asset is higher compared to the currency, so as to see that the domestic demand of foreign currency is duly met The monetary base The two components of money supply are monetary base and money multiplier. Monetary base includes the reserves and the outstanding currency of the economy. It comes in th e asset side, in the balance sheet, of the central bank. It links the central banks to the other measures of the money supply. So we can

Explain why rising prices do not necesssarily mean declining living Essay

Explain why rising prices do not necesssarily mean declining living standards - Essay Example Some people are intended to spend loads of money and they also easily can do. In the last we will see how rise in prices affect the living standards.2 Before going into the depth of the topic we will discuss concepts of income in detail. It can be defined as the income of the individuals or people after adjusting for inflation. It can be measured by subtracting the inflation from the nominal income. Mathematically it can be written as: Real income is a more useful indicator of well-being; it is based on the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with the income. It involves real variables as real income, real GDP and real interest rates. These real variables can be measured in physical units (standards of measurements of physical quantities). Nominal Income is the income that has not been adjusted against inflation and decreasing buying power. It involves nominal variables as nominal income, nominal GDP and nominal interest rates. These nominal variables are calculated in monetary units (Each Country uses a Monetary Unit of some kind some may use more than one depending on the position and nature of the economy). Although real variables and nominal variables are different with each other and they are influenced by each other. Both are separate in nature and use. Labor is a calculation of the work done by human beings. It is usually contrasted with such other factors of production as land and capital. There are some theories created on this concept called human capital. This refers to the skills those workers own). Other theory is Macro-Economics system theory that thinks human capital opposition in terms. It is defined as a sustained raise in general price levels for some set of goods and services in a given financial system over a period of time. It is measured as the percentage rate of change of a price index. There are so many inflation measures in use as there are different

What evidence is there that ant-corrupation campaigns are effective Essay

What evidence is there that ant-corrupation campaigns are effective where they are not, why not - Essay Example istance of anticorruption bodies to restore their hopes by upholding integrity in the public service departments, a fight that has had success in some societies and failure in others. A state such as Georgia has had a long struggle to stem out the vice, through vigorous anticorruption campaigns some initiated by the citizens themselves. The political leadership in 2003, under the then president Eduard Shevardnadze may bear witness to this (Pupo, 2005). Citizens were treated to an unfair election, which was marred by cases of rigging by parliamentarians. However, intense campaigns forced Eduard to resign as the president, paving way for the election of Mikhail Saakashvili, who came into power with the promise to fight hard on corruption and to restore the lost glory. His rule saw the firing of rogue public officers, some who had been appointed through nepotism, as well as more than 5000 corrupt police officers (Pupo, 2005). Due to these efforts, Georgia has become one of the leading states with low corruption rate, a fact that has earned it assistance from countries such as US through their millennium challenge accounts. Hong Kong was once described as a society that was drowning in deep waters of corruption but to the surprise of many, this vice has been dealt with accordingly over time, considerably lowering the rate of incidences. This can be attributed to the efforts of Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC), which invested a lot of efforts and time to create public awareness as well as educating private and government officials on the dangers of corruption through forums and the media (Lethbridge, 2005). The country may not be considered as being wealthy but it scores highly as compared to some of the developed countries such as Italy. On the contrary, Italy’s case has taken a different direction, whereby despite having almost won the war on corruption, through the infamous clean hands campaign, the corruption levels have continued to rise at an

In instruction box Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In instruction box - Research Proposal Example Presently, Nokia intends to launch its new the Nokia Lumia 2020 Tablet in the market. However, the success of this tablet will depend on the effectiveness of the marketing plan developed by the company. This marketing plan contains an analysis of the current situation, customers, and competitors that may affect the performance of the product after launch. The plan also analyses the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In addition, the marketing plan also analyzes the macro-environmental factors, as well as the marketing mix of Nokia product. Situation Analysis Nokia operates in a very competitive market. The industry has several players that compete against each other for the limited customers available. To attract customers, every company in the industry tries to improve the quality of services provided to the customer by using the latest technology. The competition is stiff to the extent that months seldom pass without the existing or new players introducing a new plan aimed at luring additional customers (GRIN Verlag, 2012). Some Nokia’s main competitor in the industry includes Apple, Samsung, LG, Techno, and Sony Erickson. Customer Analysis This marketing plan targets all segment of the population. ... So far, the company’s Nokia Lumia 2020 Tablet has all the functionalities accustomed to meet the needs of the company’s potential customers. Some of the features of this tablet include being only 8-inches and operates on Snapdragon 800. In addition, the tablet is designed with 1080p resolution display, making it the best tablet in the market (Pratap, 2013). Further, the tablet has additional functionalities, including a high PPI display and comes with the stylus support. The company believes that these features will satisfy the needs of customers and help attract a huge demand. Competitor Analysis As aforementioned, Nokia operates in a very competitive environment. The industry has many players most of which have a very strong brand. Currently, Nokia’s main competitors in the industry include Samsung, Apple, LG, Techno, and Sony Erickson (Pratap, 2013). As such, to maintain gain a competitive advantage over its rivals, Nokia must come up with a marketing plan tha t will help lure many customers to its products. In addition, it must ensure that products are attractive and of high quality. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths Nokia being a well-established brand across the global has a number of strength that has made it a brand of choice for many consumers in the world. Firstly, Nokia commands a huge market share in the mobile industry. Secondly, the company has one of the best research, design, and engineering team (GRIN Verlag, 2012). This has enabled the company to be innovative and produce high quality products that sell well in the market. In fact, one of the major reasons why Nokia phones sells well in the market is because of the

Communications and media. Persuasive Message Essay Example for Free

Communications and media. Persuasive Message Essay The importance of this letter is to familiarize our Supermarket, XYZ Supermarket Ltd, which has been active in the investment since 1990. Here at XYZ, we have introduced a State of the Art Bakery and new methods of branding farm products. In our Bakery, we are we are manufacturing new range of products like breads, new designs of cakes that are customized to meet the customers needs, Dairy products and other meat products. More so, we believe that great businesses are not born, they are made, and this is why we have made XYZ as one of the best customer friendly venture that have received great reputation and connections to many customers needs and other organizations. We are happy to let you know we have established close relationship with leading clients distributed all across the cities and the neighboring countries. Since beginning, we have successfully provided customers with cost effective goods in our business that operates around the clock. XYZ also, offers other services like events planning and decorations such as wedding setups/parties , transport services to customers that purchases bulky goods while delivering these goods to any customers location at little fee. We are guaranteed that our investment strategies remain the leading in these business environments. Part of this letter, you will find enclosed information pamphlets, documents and brochures about us. Our services are offered after thorough considerations of our clients needs by charging normal fee. We are fully aware that you are interested in the same options of company’s goods and services, and you must need time to think about. Through our great pleasure, we have stocked new range of products that we believe might best suit your needs. After meticulous field research and surveys, we came up with new products directly from new business people from the agricultural market, whereby, other products are manufactured or blend within our business venture. As we are all aware, the Government has provided farms supplies, loan and other incentives to our farmers, and, therefore, agricultural production and improved greatly while new farm produce is getting to our existing markets. More so, new entrepreneurs are offering new products that we are stocking and, therefore, these products will be essential for you. The new ranges of farm produce are produced in modern ways of farming especially the incorporation of technology in the farms. They are, therefore, of higher quality than the average ones already in other shelves. The new products are cost effective, fast moving goods that everyone is after, well packaged and more so, beneficial to our health especially in preventing and curing of common diseases. For instance, we are blending and manufacturing new range of breads from a wide variety of balanced protein, vitamin and vital fats collected from the new farm produce. These breads are so enriched â€Å"you might be tempted to skip some meals† for their balanced and satisfying characteristics. Their packaging is so modern and attractive that everyone will be interested in looking or tasting. Brochures furnishing the details of each product have been enclosed with this letter. Being our esteemed customer, we would like to offer you a range of free products in our shelves before the c urrent stock runs out. We are working with highly qualified staffs that assures every customer detail is handled and taken care of physically or through our business contacts 24/7. Please note that we are working with new top sales representative, Mr. George Brown, as a Business Manager and being a former sales staff from Amazon Ventures Ltd in Paris. Mr. George has 21 years of experience in sales and marketing and was formally working in other great business companies like Virginia Green Garden, one of the largest importer and manufacturer of farm Produce in Europe. He is a graduate from Oxford University and recently completed his management studies from Michigan University. Through the combined experiences and expertise within our staffs, we have been ranked one of the best business investments and that we have developed close ties with staffs (clients) from IBM. We sometimes ask ourselves, if IBM staffs are interested with the Farm Products in our shelves, who else can’t buy from us? We, therefore, introduce and welcome all of our esteemed customers including you to these new ranges of products. Finally, we acknowledge your time and effort in reading this letter and hopeful that you may share our good news to your close colleagues especially by showing them some of the attached business brochures accompanying this letter. Mr. George is available to ascertain the prior commitments and orders. Incase of any special arrangements or enquiries, our lines, are open and can also reach our Manager at 07-05-123456 anytime between 9 A.M to 8 P.M. Further contact details can be referenced from one of the brochures. We are grateful for your concern in our Business. Sincerely †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References Communications and media. (1974). Sydney: London : Angus Robertson. Source document

Power Of Words Essay Example for Free

Power Of Words Essay â€Å"Words are more treacherous and powerful than we think.† Evaluate the extent to which the characteristics Sartre claims for words affect negatively and positively different areas of knowledge. To what extent does the existence of different languages and the need for their translation create problems for the acquisition of knowledge? According to Sartre, words carry more power than we think and have the ability to betray their proper meanings. Words, or in a broader sense, language, is far more powerful than we give it credit for and is ambiguous in its nature to either be powerful in a good way or treacherous. When language is translated properly and knowledge is acquired successfully, language is powerful. However, when there are problems with translation and the original meaning of the words becomes garbled, language becomes treacherous. Now that we are aware of this fact about language, we need to make a calculated decision on the degree of negative effect translation has on the acquisition of knowledge. There are contextual losses, untranslatable words, and idioms. When we examine the losses as a result of translation, the extent to which the existence of different languages and the need for their translation creates problems for the acquisition of knowledge is great. As the Italians say, Traduttore traditore, ‘the translation is a traitor’† (Van de Lagemaat 63). First of all, each of us has a special relationship to our own native language and this relationship makes us â€Å"assume that it fits reality like a glove†. However, when we learn a second language, â€Å"one of the things [we] discover is that different languages divide the world up in different ways† (Van de Lagemaat 61). When translating words from one language to another, you â€Å"will not get a workable translation but gobbledygook† (Van de Lagemaat 61). This is when translation creates problems for the acquisition of knowledge. When something is being translated, there are three basic rules that must be followed: the translation must remain faithful to the original text, be comprehensible, and when retranslated back into its original language, the translation should be approximate to the original. Many times, the translations of texts from one language to another defy these three commonly agreed criteria, particularly the faithfulness of a translation. For example, when translating the idiom â€Å"the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak† it comes back in German as â€Å"the vodka is agreeable, but the meat is inferior† (Van de Lagemaat 62). Through translation, this idiom lost its true meaning. An example of a mistranslation is when Pepsi Cola ran an advertising campaign in Taiwan, the slogan â€Å"Come Alive with Pepsi† was translated into Chinese and when translated back into English, it read â€Å"Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead!† (Van de Lagemaat 63). Unsurprisingly, because of the ill communicated meaning, the campaign was a failure. There is also inaccurate translation in literature such as the mistranslation of Albert Camus widely renowned novel’s title The Stranger, or L’etranger. In French, L’etranger does not simply mean â€Å"stranger† but has a much deeper and intricate meaning that caters to the novel’s explicit message. Further evidence that not everything is translated adequately is found in the translations of the Quran, â€Å"the central religious text of Islam†. â€Å"Because the Quran stresses its Arabic nature, Muslim scholars believe that any translation cannot be more than an approximate interpretation, intended only as a tool for the study and understanding of the original Arabic text† (Mohammed 58). Since not only the text must be translated, but the meaning and symbolism, it is believed that many things are lost in the Arabic to English interpretation. Whether or not the renderings of the Quran into English or other languages are accurate enough of not is a heavily debated subject for scholars. I can understand how this happens being a speaker of Arabic myself. There are certain Arabic words I say in my day-today life that cannot be appropriately translated in English without their actual meanings being lost. The Arabic expressions like â€Å"yislamleh teezik† that make little to no sense when directly translated into English. In Arabic, this commonly used expression is supposed to be an affectionate way of saying â€Å"thank you† or â€Å"may you always stay in my life†. The English translation would be â€Å"may God bless your butt†, and the charming meaning it has in Arabic is completely lost to translation. Although translation causes problems for the acquisition of knowledge to a great extent, it does not always do this. When something can be translated and the meaning is transferred from one language to another without any harm coming to it, knowledge is powerful. In the realms of mathematics and sciences, mathematical and scientific concepts can be translated accurately from one language to another unlike in literature. An example of this can be found in my math studies classroom with Ms. Halabi. She told us a humorous anecdote about how she learnt math in Arabic and how that would have been so unusual for us to experience. Math is a universal language and is not harmed when translated from one language to another. In conclusion, the translation of knowledge between different languages can be both powerful and treacherous in nature. It is powerful when there is no loss of meaning between translations but can be treacherous when it disrupts the acquisition of knowledge. This is a bad thing because as knowers, we don’t get to access certain knowledge because it can’t be translated properly.

Cultural Revolution in China

Cultural Revolution in China The Cultural Revolution left an imprint on China for Decades and really shaped and influenced all political things that took place in China and also to an extent left a large direct effect on China itself and a lasting legacy that resonated in mainland China and outside China that influenced many different things. This will be proven by first going through what exactly is the Cultural Revolution, because it is important to look at what the Cultural Revolution actually is. This will lead into the next part of having a look at the direct impact of the Cultural Revolution on China. Following that this essay will move onto looking at the exact legacy the Cultural Revolution has left on China by breaking it down into individual parts. The Cultural Revolution or as it is known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Clark, 2008) was a socio political event that began in the Peoples Republic of China in 1966 and ran for ten years until 1976. The Revolution was set into motion by Mao Zedong, the leader of China and the head of the Communist Party based in China. The set goal of the revolution was the reinforcement of Chinese Communism by removing all capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from the Chinese society and enforcing Maoist orthodoxy within the Communist Party. The Revolution was officially launched in May 1966 after Mao had alleged that wealthy elements in Chinese Society were infiltrating the Chinese Government and Society with the aim of restoring capitalism. He insisted that these elements be completely removed though a violent class struggle. In response to his calls, Chinese youth formed Red Guard groups around the country and began their campaign. Mao in support of this ordered the party and the army not to interfere. The movement though spread into all aspects of Chinese culture, politics and military. This resulted in wide spread factional struggles in all aspects of Chinese life. It resulted in the near decimation of the Chinese Communist Party leadership to such an extent that only four of the seventeen members of the 1956 Politburo survived to the Ninth Congress in April 1969 Mao himself, his acolyte Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Li Xiannian all the rest been either imprisoned or killed. Additionally millions of people were arrested in these violent factional struggles that took place across the country. These people were subject to a wide arrange of abuses including public humiliation, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, sustained harassment, and seizure of property. (Johnston, 2010) As well as this a large portion of the public were forcibly displaced, most noticeable was the transfer of pretty much all urban youth in the final stages of the Cultural Revolution to the rural regions during the Down to the Countryside Movement, to learn from the peasants. On top of this sticking to the gaol of wiping out all traditional Chinese Culture numerous historical relics, artefacts were destroyed and Cultural and religious sites were either ransacked or destroyed. While Mao declared the Revolution over in 1969, its active phase lasted until 1976. From 1969 to 1976 there was a gradual return to normalcy as China really began to take the right course after realising the damage the Cultural Revolution had caused. Following Maos death and the arrest of the gang of four in 1976, reformers led by Deng Xiaoping gained power and by 1978 most of the Maoist reforms that were associated with the Cultural Revolution had being abandoned and any mention or evidence of the Cultural Revolution been highly censored and hidden from the public. Since the end of the Cultural Revolution it has been treated widely as a negative phenomenon that damaged China for decades afterwards. Essentially the Cultural Revolution directly impacted all of Chinas population in one form or another. During the Revolution, all economic activity in any form was virtually halted, with the revolution been the primary objective of the country. At the beginning of the Cultural revolution large numbers of red guards were brought to Beijing with all expenses paid by the government, these large numbers resulted in the railway system been thrown into turmoil. As per the Revolutions goals countless ancient Chinese buildings, antiques, artefacts, books and paintings were destroyed by the Red Guards. In addition to the economic damage, the ten years of the Cultural Revolution brought the Chinese education system to a virtual standstill. University entrance exams were abolished in the early stages of the revolution and not restabilised until 1977 under Deng Xiaoping. Most intellectuals were viewed as a threat to the revolution and were sent to rural labour camps and many of those who survive d left China shortly after the revolution ended. Many survivors and independent observers suggest that almost anyone with skills over that of the average person was made the target of political struggle in some way. (Dirlik, 1993) In the view of Western observers from the US and followers of Deng Xiaoping, the revolution resulted in almost an entire generation of Chinese people being inadequately educated. An example of this is when measurements of literacy resumed in the 1980s.When they did resume it painted a bleak picture of the impact the revolution had on Chinas education system, Some counties in Zhanjiang had illiteracy rates as high as 41% some 20 years after the revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This effect may have been less if not for the by the elimination of qualified teachers (Johnston, 2010) Which forced many of the districts to rely solely upon chosen students to re-educate the next generation. Overall the direct impact of the Cultural Revolution was that basically everything economic stopped and there was a total breakdown of almost everything and China pretty much lost all of the intelligent workforce which meant they had no high level educated workers like doctors, teachers etc. The first legacy the Cultural Revolution left on China was on the Chinese communist party itself. To try and make sense of Maos leadership of the Cultural Revolution while limiting any damage to the party and their legitimacy to remain in power, the successors that followed Mao needed to really give a historical judgement that worked in Maos and the communist parties favour. On June 27th 1981, the central committee released the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the Peoples Republic of China, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. (Myers, 1995) This Resolution while noting Maos leadership in the Revolution, stated that the chief responsibility for the grave Left error of the Cultural Revolution, an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, lies with Comrade Mao Zedong (Myers, 1995). It lessened the blame on him by asserting that the revolution was manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of both Lin Biao and Jiang Qing, who both caused worst problems and Mao never played a direct part in any of this (Myers, 1995). This official view was primarily aimed at separating Maos actions during the Cultural Revolution from his activities during the Chinese Civil War. This was quite nicely summed up by Deng Xiaoping when he stated that Mao was 70% good, 30% bad (Kilfi, 1999)This has resulted in Mainland China, the history of this time been based solely on the Party line which manages to not solely blame Mao for any of the problems that occurred during this time. As if any of the blame for the Cultural Revolution was placed solely at the feet on Mao, it would cause questions to be asked about the Communist Partys legitimacy to power. The next legacy it has left on China is impacting on Contemporary China itself this legacy on Contemporary China is linked to the legacy left on the Communist party to an extent that the party line on what happened during the Cultural Revolution has spread into contemporary China. The legacy has been left to such an impact that the revolution itself has been actively covered up and any mention of it has been removed. Any sort of Public discussion on the Cultural Revolution in public is strictly limited in China. To this day the Chinese government continues to block news organisations from mentioning any details from the Cultural Revolution, and any sort of online discussions and books about the revolution are subject to high levels of scrutiny. Education materials on the Revolution continue to abide by the official view of the events, blocking younger people from learning the truth about the revolution. Almost all of the government documents from the time of the Cultural Revolution r emain classified and are not open to the public or inspection by independent academics. At the national museum of China in Beijing, the Cultural Revolution is not mentioned much at all in any of its historical exhibits. The reason the government really actively tries to remove the Cultural revolution from Chinese history is the it still considers itself at least in one part or another an inheritor of its legacy . Which really means that the government is worried that continued academic probing and popular widespread discussions will eventually lead ideological conflict and increase social instability and it may threaten the foundations of Communist rule. (Johnston, 2010) This has led to the maintenance of Political and Social Stability been the highest priory of the Chinese government since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989, this includes the securing of the Communist party as well. This has led the government to really adopt the line that it has no interest in re-evaluating any issue that might lead to a split in the Chinese leadership, or which might polarize the Party on ideological grounds. (Slavicek, 2010) Overall the Legacy of the Cultural Revolution on contemporary China is that the government basically fears any knowledge of the revolution in todays world may once again stir up trouble for the Communist Party Outside of mainland China it has left a legacy of inspiring events in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other places around the world. In Hong Kong an anti-colonial pro-communist strike was launched was launched in 1967, which was directly inspired by the Cultural Revolution. In Taiwan a Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched to counter what was considered to be a destruction of traditional Chinese values by the Communists on the mainland. Worldwide, Mao as a response of the Cultural Revolution emerged as a symbol of the anti-establishment, grassroots populism, and self-determination. His revolutionary philosophies found adherents in the Shining Path of Peru, the U.S.-based Black Panther Party (Slavicek, 2010) In Modern times, matters surrounding the Cultural Revolution raised again in 2007, when the Hong Kong Chief Executive remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the dangers of democracy, remarking People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution [], wh en people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place (Johnston, 2010) The evidence is there that the Cultural Revolution has of course left a legacy on Chinas Special territories and has spread to the rest of the world as well in one aspect or another and acts as a symbol of anti-establishment around the world Concluding the Cultural Revolution even though it happened decades ago has and will continue to leave a legacy and will continue to impact China and influence events around the world. It has also made in a way the Chinese worried of fully integrating modern democracy into Chinas political system as it would cause them to come clean about the Cultural Revolution and damage Communist rule

Sectional Conflics in Early America Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sectional conflicts within the United States affected numerous domestic polices and even caused, in part, Andrew Jackson’s election. Andrew Jackson’s election was greatly affected by sectional differences because he represented only a portion of the United States, yet it was the portion with a majority of Electoral College votes. The sectional differences of the United States caused a protective tariff to be levied. The Missouri compromise was also affected by the differences between various differences between the divisions of the United States. Even Texas was affected by the sectional differences of the United States. The political divisions of the United States greatly affected politics between the years of 1828-1837.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andrew Jackson’s election was caused, in part, by the sectional differences between the north and the west and south. Andrew Jackson was representative of the west and south in his virtues and views on national policy prior to entering office. He was for no tariffs and states rights in general. This meant that the majority of southern and western states supported him and allowed him to win a majority vote in the Electoral College. While his election was effected by sectional differences, his policies were not so much affected because of a rapid turn around to a federalist look of government and supporting the north in most every aspect. Andrew Jackson’s election, if not presidency, was greatly ...

The Usual Suspects Essay -- essays papers

The Usual Suspects When it was released in 1995, The Usual Suspects was hailed as original, inventive, and, most of all, unpredictable. Having now seen this movie well over a dozen times, I can say that its impact is just as powerful today as it was the first time I saw it. In what I consider to be the best movie-making year of all-time, The Usual Suspects nonetheless distinguishes itself from everything else, offering a fresh take on the mystery and suspense genre. As The Usual Suspects opens, we find "Verbal" Kint (Kevin Spacey, in an Oscar-winning role) the object of a police interrogation. He is one of only two known survivors of an explosive evening on a docked cargo ship, and the police want answers. Verbal was one of an elite group of known criminals involved in a police lineup in New York five weeks prior, and the rest are presumed to be dead from the previous night's explosion. From this opening interrogation, soon conducted solely by Special Agent Dave Kujan (Chazz Palminteri), we are shown pieces of the puzzle that lead to the events on the cargo ship. Five convicted felons - Spencer McManus (Stephen Baldwin, The Young Riders), Dean Keaton (Gabriel Byrne), Fred Fenster (Benicio Del Toro), Todd Hockney (Kevin Pollak, A Few Good Men *cc/fewgoodmen.html*), and Verbal Kint - are brought in to answer for charges of gun-theft, a crime for which all five profess their innocence. Crowded together in their cell, however, McManus is able to convince...

Judgments of Conduct in Sense and Sensibility Essay -- Austen Sense Se

Sense and Sensibility is an elegant story that portrays the advantages of the first over the second, as manifested between two sisters of opposing temperaments, one of whom loves wisely and the other passionately. Set in London and its surrounding countryside, the story relates how Elinor, the eldest of Mrs. Dashwood's daughters, and Marianne, the second eldest, share in the agony of tragic love. In the opening of the book, Mrs. Dashwood and her three daughters are forced to move to a new and smaller abode, as her husband's death left her fairly unwealthy. During their transition, the Dashwood's stayed with her step-son and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. John Dashwood. It is there where Elinor, practical and conventional, met and fell in love with Edward Ferrars, Mrs. John Dashwood's brother. One rainy morning, after being settled in their new cottage at Barton, Marianne, emotional and sentimental, was brought home from her walk with a sprained ankle by Willoughby, a dashing young man in his mid-twenties. Marianne immediately fell for Willoughby and he for her and in the following days and weeks he was invariably found at Barton. Another new friend to the family, Colonel Brandon watched the formation of this couple with sadness as he too, had fallen in love with Marianne. To her distress, while on an extended trip to London with friend and neighbor, Mrs. Jennings, Marianne suffered a broken heart upon hearing that Willoughby was concerned for his financial well-being and therefore had bestowed his affections elsewhere. A few months prior to the trip, Elinor learned that Edward was privately engaged to another woman, Lucy, but was bound to secrecy by this woman herself, who was not aware of Elinor's attachment to him. So while tr... ...d, representing sense, tried to relate her imagination and her feelings to her judgment and to the tradition on which society was based. She knew how to govern her feelings as she responded calmly and serenely in the most distressing circumstances. Elinor was more concerned for the feelings of others, but Austen indicates that Elinor suffers a great deal, and her thoughts were often diverted from her own misery to the afflictions of her sister, for whom she had a great deal of compassion. Jane Austen pulled off her aim as a matchmaker and true love triumphed as sense gave way to sensibility and sensibility gave way to sense. In the novel, Austen expresses a universal truth which is the key to her character development-- 'the imaginations of other people will carry them away to form wrong judgments of our conduct, and to decide on it by slight appearances'. Â  

Welding with Children

Seth Bohlander English 1102 Mrs. Hammonds 10 October 2010 Bruton’s Change â€Å"Welding with Children† is a short story that illustrates thematic ideas from beginning to end. Throughout the story, Bruton, an older redheaded man with papery skin, shows that his parenting skills have suffered, and he is embarrassed with how he raised his four daughters in the past. With his daughters now grown, the reputation of their upbringing still haunts him. Examples like Bruton’s car being referred to as the â€Å"bastardmobile† show just what type of reputation he is dealing with.Though as the story progresses, Bruton shows change. Through a series of epiphanies or awakenings, he realizes he can’t undo his previous mistakes, but believes he can redeem himself by parenting his grandchildren the correct way, all while welding with children. From the beginning of the story, Bruton shows his carefree attitude on things that are considered important to most people. After dropping out of college in his first semester, he states, â€Å" I may have flunked out that semester, but I got my money’s worth learning about people that don’t have hearts no bigger than birds shot† (Gautreaux 200).His attitude shows he has no drive to fix problems. In an interesting way, he sees some sort of accomplishment from his failure. This attitude is similar to how he raised his children. He knows he messed up, but feels he can do nothing but live with his mistakes. Bruton continues to show his stagnant attitude throughout the story until experiencing his first epiphany. While driving home, one of the grandchildren Freddy says something that indicates to be a curse word. When asked where he heard words like those, Freddy says he heard it on a late night comedy program.Bruton is enlightened, and thinks back on his four daughters. â€Å"None of them has any religion to speak of. The girls grew up watching cable and videos every night, and thatâ⠂¬â„¢s where they got their view of the world, and that’s why four dirty blondes . . . thought they lived in a Hollywood soap opera (Gautreaux 202). This is suggests that television is to blame. Seeing that history does repeat itself, Bruton takes advantage of the situation and sits the kids down and begins teaching them about the bible.The sense of urgency shows this to be an important aspect of parenting that he forgot. Before being enlightened, Bruton believed that the reason his four daughters turned out the way they did, was solely his wife’s fault. Since she was gone all the time, he found it easy to point the finger to her. He never felt accountable, but after the first awakening, Bruton takes full responsibility for his actions and signs of change. With the weight of responsibility on his back, Bruton turns to the only people he knows who can help him. The Tree of Knowledge†, a group of men whom have already insulted Bruton, give him three helpful suggest ions. They tell him to clean his yard, join the Methodist church, and keep the children with him as much as possible. At first, the suggestions appear to be patronizing, but somehow Bruton sees a positive message through their comments. Turing to these men for advice shows that Bruton is sympathetic. After the vicious comments that were made to Bruton’s daughters, he shows signs of forgiveness and remorse to go to these men for help.In conclusion, Bruton sends a message that is simple and bold. Embracing opportunity enables the probability of change. â€Å"Time for a change† (Gautreaux 210). Being assigned the duty to babysit his grandchildren appeared to be a simple task, but seeing the opportunity to fix a problem that has been passed down through two generations makes Bruton a heroic and dynamic character. Work Cited Gautreaux, Tim. â€Å"Welding with Children. † Perrines’s Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, 10th ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnso n. Boston: Wadsworth, 2009. 198-211. Print.

Explain the Post 16 Options for Young and Adults

Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults Once a young person finishes year 11 they have different options available to them they can choose to go on to further education this can be either within the school in the sixth form or they could go to college. The qualifications that can be gained through further education are:AS and A levels- are full time courses studying mainly academic subjects but also some work related subjects and are generally taken over 2 years. Diplomas- are when the student is still based in their school or college but they have the chance to learn in other settings such as the work place or a college giving them a taste of what to expect in that particular occupation.Key skills- these are designed to prepare students for the working environment and are usually run alongside or are included in other courses although are available on their own. Other options are: Apprenticeships-a more hands on role, learning through work in an apprenticeship where they gain qualifications while working within the job position, with this option they can gain valuable hands on experience, training as well as gaining a qualification while earning a wage at the same time.BTEC’s- are usually studied at school or college they are work based qualifications that are a mix between practical and theory and some work experience.NVQ’s- these can be taken either at school/college, through a placement or in the work place. They are based on the students skills,knowledge and their competence of doing the job.Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults:It's easy to figure out. A lot these kids were pampered, chauffeured, over protected, over parented and just plain spoiled. They also have a tremendous sense of entitlement. Hell, getting a car at age 16 has become a rite of passage! I have friends who regularly allowed their kids boy and girl friends to â€Å"sleep over†, now that's crazy. There are millions of unfilled jobs i n the USA but people (young and old) are fearful of pulling up and moving to where the work is. My parents gave us this advice ‘Get an education, Get a skill, and Get Out† They did all that working class folks could do to help us. Then we were on our own. Simple. To their extreme credit, they paid extra taxes so we could have excellent schools, Many school activities, and anything else we needed to get a good start. ( remember Drivers Ed, at school?) The draft helped too. The war was terrible, but most of us, who served, are better for it. Our generation abandoned this commitment to education and service and became â€Å"the most selfish generation†. Selfishness is not a very good trait to pass on. So now the folks who are still strapped with their older kids are paying, and paying. God bless you, and kick your kids out.

Case Study Carmex Essay

Question #1 a) Some advantages of an online survey of a cross section of Internet households are having a larger audience with a wider variety of responses, lower cost, and instant results. Some disadvantages are people may disregard the survey, answers may be careless just get the promo or offer, surveys may be sent directly to junk mail. b) Some advantages of an online survey of Carmex Facebook likers are The people that fill out the Facebook surveys actually know the products, they aren’t just completing for the free stuff, responses will come directly from product users, surveys will not get lost in spam or junk mail. Some disadvantages would be that it does not cover a wide customer base and the survey will only increase engagement and not likes Question #2 a) On a Facebook brand page, â€Å"engagement† measures how much activity is being made by its Facebook audience with a certain brand which is measured through posting a comment, liking a status or by replying to one of the posts on brand page. On the other hand â€Å"likes† measures the number of new likers or the size of the audience on Facebook b) For Carmex engagement is more important because it means its current likers are interested in learning about the company by interacting with posts Carmex makes by replying and liking their posts. Carmex would appreciate this because it shows customer interest and brand loyalty. c) Question #3 a) Consumers having the ability to engage with a brand they like and having the chance to create their own opinion about the products they sell will create activity between the user and the brand page. Engagements on a brand page like Facebook are evoked by making sure those opinions count and are heard, as well as by posting content to attract consumers and give them a chance to engage further b) To attract like to a brand page on Facebook you could give out prizes, have a contest that requires user to like the page, and offer coupons that offer a better deal than what’s already in the market. Question #4 a) The advantages of a fixed alternative poll question on Facebook are the questions tend to be short and can be answered quickly, you can keep anonymous, more people may answer as it only takes a click. b) I think it would be best to use an open ended question when you are trying to get opinions on the company or products that could range from a variety of answers from a range of different users. This will allow the consumers to speak freely and give them the flexibility to write whatever they want Question #5 a) If I had a limited budget a time I would choose a poll only strategy because it has low cost and set-up associated with it. All you have to do is post the poll to the Facebook brand page and wait for users to respond, which will happen quickly. The last step would be to collect your data. b) On the other hand, If I had a higher budget and more time I would choose the contest only strategy because the results would be more rewarding. Promoting the contest will drive customers to participate, involving prizes will make the users take it more seriously, and they will result in more accurate and realistic answers.

Bmw Marketing Mix

History: The origins of BMW trace back to 1913 when Karl Friedrich Rapp, who was a  Bavarian(well-known engineer in a German aircraft company in Munich. The company specialized in airplane engines. But it was a  problematic area. He had a  financial difficulties and decided to form new company owners Franz-Jozef Popp and financier Camillo Castiglioni and relaunched Motoren Werke and because Rapp was Bavarian there was a  new name Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke (BFW) was formed after a  short time the name was changed to BMW and from the beginnig they started to produce airplane engines.At the beginning of the 20? s BMW slapped their logo, which is unchanged until today. After the 2. world war the treaty of versailles prohibited BMW to switch to manufacturing air brakes for railway cars. After this treaty company started to focus on developing motorcycles engines. Ower a  2 years they built 2 motorcycle models(Victoria, Flink) and after this they built their first BMW factory. Two-wheeled vehicles quickly turned into four-wheeled ones in 1928. With their motorcycles they made world records, because they were the fast motorcycles.In 1932 they launch new car model 3/20 PS. As time passed by, BMW got bigger and bigger and, shortly before the Wold War II outbreak, took over some more factories in the vicinity of Berlin. Due to BMW's versatility and need for mechanized faming implements and spare parts, the first BMW bicycle was born. They started to export their motorcycles to new york in 2 decades. The last one at the beginning of the 40? s. The 1955 Isetta, powered by a 12/13 hp motorcycle engine, becomes a favorite among customers.Over 160,000 units are sold, transforming the Isetta into a symbol of the post-war decade. They had a  lot of technological improvements on their cars. With the help of Herbert Quandt, BMW, still a share-owned company, is brought one step closer to independence. The 60's brought a multitude of achievements with the 1500 and 160 0 series, as well as a range of new sedans, the 2500, 2800, American Bavaria and the 2. 5 CS and 2800 CS coupe models. Production lines that would become worldwide pieces of success soon came out, such as the 6 and 7 series and the recently reconstructed BMW M1 model.By the end of the 70's, BMW had dug deep into other car-improvement related fields as well, and electronics proved to be the perfect ground for growing BMW's next generation of computerized car devices. Economic fuel research then became top priority. Research started to be heavily reinforced and reached new uncharted areas through the employment of over 6,000 people. Once the Z1 one came along, the profits kept pile-up trend. Caring for the customer and staying ahead of competition was proof enough that BMW had turned into a true, mature brand. Business development:BMW has various sources for research and product development: A well known BMW location is the Engineering Center (FIZ) in Munich. This institution was laun ched in 1987, implementing the idea of co-location. Co-location stands for bringing together all people into one site, who are concerned with the product development process, incl. suppliers. Nowadays about 5,000 researchers, engineers and technicians are working at the FIZ. A design studio in California, which provides trendy designs from one of the most creative places of the world. A project team in Japan, which serves as an antenna into Japanese technical developments.BMW-Technik GmbH, which was launched in 1985 and is responsible for idea generation off-site, equipped with own design facilities, acoustic wind tunnel and various other facilities for noise reduction. This company employs about 100 people. Company mission and business focus: Reading the BMW Group mission statement, it's easy to understand why the BMW Group is clearly associated with premium products, premium prices, and premium experiences. The BMW mission statement is†¦ The BMW Group is the world's leading p rovider of premium products and premium services for individual mobility. Beyond that, each brand of vehicle under the BMW Group umbrella has its own distinct brand identy†¦ BMW Brand – â€Å"The BMW brand stands for one thing: sheer driving pleasure. Sporting and dynamic performance combined with superb design and exclusive quality. † MINI Brand – â€Å"The MINI brand wins hearts and turns heads. MINI is refreshingly different: extroverted, spontaneous and in every respect something out of the ordinary. † â€Å"For over 100 years, motor cars of the Rolls-Royce brand have stood for truly outstanding engineering, quality and reliability.The BMW Group is the world's leading provider of premium products and premium services for individual mobility. † Focus: he concept of premium will be increasingly defined through sustainability in the future. BMW, like no other brand, will still stand for vitality and driving pleasure in the future. But it will also represent efficiency and environmental friendliness. .. We have introduced our fuel-saving technology, Efficient Dynamics, as a standard feature in all series. It uses start-stop technology, brake-force energy recovery and other methods to drastically reduce fuel consumption, while at the same providing more power.We call this â€Å"Sheer Driving Pleasure 2. 0. MARKETS OF BMW The main markets for BMW automobiles have been in Europe, the USA, Japan and the Pacific region, with the markets of Germany and the US accounting for almost half the total car sales. Important markets have also been the fast-growing UK, and the Italian, French and Japanese markets. Sales in the USA market have been particularly successful, as they grew by over 8 per cent on the previous year to 277,000, becoming the biggest market for the group and overtaking the Lexus brand for the first time.At the end of 2003, the outlook for 2004 by group management and industry observers was upbeat. This view was s upported by the successful launch of the new 5-series, the consolidation in Europe and Asia of the BMW Z4, the introduction of the BMW X3. The new BMW 1 Series and the BMW 6 Series cabriolet were launched early in 2004. By far the most successful models were the MINI, the 3-series and the 5-series, but the other models were also in significant demand. In the Chinese markets there was growing demand for the higher end models of the range, specifically for 7-series and 5-seriesTarget customers: Upper middle class — professional employees at the upper part of corporate ladder such as financial analysts Product policy: Assortment: cars: BMW 1 series (3, 5 door, coupe, convertible), BMW 3 series (sedan, coupe, convertible, touring, compact) BMW 5 series (sedan, touring) BMW (coupe, grand coupe, convertible) BMW 7 series (sedan) BMW X1-X6, BMW Z4 roaster, BMW M series( 3,5,6) also MINI :MINI is one of the most entertaining cars on the road, with dynamic performance and handling and an unmistakable appearance that makes it instantly recognisable.It is currently available in a range of models including: MINI Hatch (MINI One, MINI Cooper, MINI Cooper D, MINI Cooper S), MINI John Cooper Works, MINI Convertible (MINI One Convertible, MINI Cooper Convertible, MINI Cooper S Convertible) and MINI Clubman (MINI Cooper D Clubman, MINI Cooper Clubman, MINI Cooper S Clubman). MINI is produced in England and is now sold in over 70 countries worldwide. The Rolls–Royce Motor Cars :Rolls-Royce launched the Drophead Coupe in 2007 which has a V / 12 / 48 engine, reaches a top speed of 149 mph and does 0-100km/h in 5. 9 seconds. The Rolls-Royce Phantom features a 6. 5 litre light alloy V12 engine that provides 460PS (453bhp) of power. Rolls–Royce also launched the Centenary Experimental 100 EX and the limited edition Centenary Phantom in 2004. Summer 2008 saw the production of the new Phantom Coupe, the most driver-orientated model in the Phantom line. Motorcycles : SPORT, TOUR, ROASTER,ENDURO,URBAN MOBILITY SPORT: S1000 RR, K  1300S TOUR: F800GT, R 1200RT, K  1600GT, K  1600GTL, ROASTER: F800R, R1200R ENDURO: G 650 GS, S  650 GS sertao, F 800 GS, R 1200 GS, R 1200GS adventure URBAN MOBILITY: C 600 sport, C 650 GT Scooters: BMW C 600 Sport BMW C 650 GTBMW C EVOLUTION e-Scooter Acessories: DVD systems, radios, car care, lights, navigations,air condition†¦ Clothes Quality: in 2008 BMW received a score of 3 out of a possible 5 points in the averaged category of Overall Quality( like ford, kia, nissan) Logo: The BMW logo consists of a thick black ring encircled by a silver lining. The letters ‘BMW’ are inscribed in a non-serif font in the top half of the black ring. The gap within the ring is divided into four equal alternative blue and white quarters. The BMW logo, commonly known as â€Å"roundel†, was created and registered in 1917.The created logo design is remarkably simple and projects an identity that is sma rt, clear, sporty and image-conscious. It is one of the most distinctive logo designs in the world, speaking highly of a brand-led company. The 1929 Dixi was the first vehicle to carry the famous BMW logo. The BMW logo has been altered very rarely and minutely and has maintained its original look throughout the company's history. Here are some of the logos that have been used since 1917. People think that the BMW logo is based on a rotating airscrew. The origin of this interpretation is the cover of a BMW aircraft magazine.This picture (shown below) was taken in 1929, years after the logo first came into existence. BMW chose the Bavarian national colours as a  symbol Innovations: BMW Innovations With a constantly updated menu of inspired new technologies and products, BMW is leading the charge in automotive evolution. We engineer our renowned vehicle lineup to be the most advanced in the world. And we continuously push the limits of efficiency and performance. We do this because o ur goal is not to be ahead of the curve; we are determined to be ahead of everything else on the road. Connected Drive:BMW is focused on connecting you, the driver, in meaningful ways to your vehicle, and to your world at large. Intelligent innovations provide you with unprecedented mobility, so you enjoy the best possible combination of safety, comfort, entertainment, and – above all – driving pleasure. Head-Up Display: BMW's full-colour Head-Up Display projects critical driving information, such as speed, directions, and alerts, directly in your field of vision, so distraction is minimized. This virtual image appears approximately two metres ahead of you, at the end of the hood, seamlessly integrating into whatever scenario your find yourself in.Your eyes and attention stay focused on the road, where they rightfully belong. BMW Apps: Introducing a new way to stay in touch. With the BMW Apps you can bring Facebook, Twitter, your calendar, or even your favourite web ra dio station into your car on the iDrive screen. Your Control Display can show the latest status updates from your Facebook or Twitter account, as well as upcoming events, while the car's audio system can read them out using the text-to-speech function. Get ready for the next generation of mobile communication and entertainment – with your iPhone and BMW ConnectedDriveBMW Concierge: There's much more than just a welcoming voice on the other end of BMW Concierge. Whether you're looking to book a flight or hotel, find the nearest ATM, or make a reservation at your favourite restaurant, our customer relations agents are always there for you. BMW Concierge is available 24/7 and transfers address data directly to the Navigation System of your BMW. And in case of emergency, BMW Assist is equipped with a host of helpful tools, including Emergency Request, Enhanced Roadside Assistance, Remote Door Unlock, Advanced Automatic Collision Notification, Stolen Vehicle Recovery, and more.Nig ht Vision: Your command of the road doesn't end when the sun sets. BMW Night Vision is our exclusive infrared technology that allows you to see through the dark, up to a class-leading 300 metres ahead. Objects, animals, and pedestrians are instantly distinguished, leading you to safer nighttime driving. Google MyInfo: Use Google Maps to send points-of-interest information directly to your BMW using your e-mail address and BMW Assist account.Find restaurants, friends' homes, or even the location of your next meeting. With Google Maps, you can send any destination to your vehicle from your computer, and then accept the information into the Navigation System once in your car. You can even call your destination using Bluetooth integration by selecting the displayed telephone number. http://www. bmwvictoria. ca/BMW/Innovations/tabid/206/Default. aspx tam videa Services: Financing, insurance,credit cards, leasings, Pricing policy: Price strategy-