Wide Sargasso Sea Essay Example

Wide Sargasso Sea Paper On another note, the very idea of madness that has been centrally and strongly attributed to the character of Antoinette can be extracted from the reflection that she has the uneasy sentiment of lacking the ability to create a separating line between and distinguish dreams and the real world. With her subsequent understanding that oftentimes her very perception of reality eventually dissolves into something more like that of a dream, she hardly has what most normal human beings have—the capacity to firmly convey what is real from what is not. There, too, are aspects in the two characters that shed an illuminating light on their very differences, factors that have strongly etched a demarcating line between them, setting them in contrast not only in terms of the very actions they portrayed in the novel but also in terms of the social backgrounds they possess. Far more worth noting is the idea that, the degrees of these social and cultural differences have been bridged, at least for once in their lives, at the time when they were married, proving that, amidst the differences, both can live with it—albeit not for too long. We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It must be understood that Rochester is of an English background and that Antoinette is of Creole origin, the latter being someone inhabiting the Caribbean regions and is either of European or of English ancestry. This obvious distinction provides the background for the further understanding that societal situations where they exist bear a strong influence on their perception of the world as a whole and of the â€Å"other† parts of the world of which they know little of or have never settled-in in a considerable expanse of time. With Rochester’s societal background, one can comprehend that to live in the Caribbean is a sort of a fantasy-turned-reality as one who has for so long resided in an area of a dense population busy with their lives with their horizon hidden away from view by buildings and structures that shadow their vision of nature. For Antoinette, on the other hand, a form of confusion on her understanding of who she really is, from what place in the society she properly belongs, or if, indeed, she belongs to anywhere at all. In the novel, Rochester appears to protest before Antoinette the busy life in the city inasmuch as he appears to strongly admire and appreciate the value of the Caribbean nature that is nowhere else to be found. Antoinette, on the other hand, dreams of seeing Rochester’s place and being there at some point in time as much as she has begun to lose admiration on the beauty of Granbois. This stark difference in the attitude of the two main protagonists in the novel tells us that, in some sense, people from the opposite sides of the world appear to have a form of yearning to what is beyond their immediate senses, especially to regions that speak of nothing that is instantaneously present in their locality. This distinction in perception further emphasizes the notion that people do get bored and get dulled by the constancy of what they see and feel around them, that at some point in time these people will literary cross borders just to get to the other side. Rochester did, and Antoinette is yet on the verge of beginning to explore that part of the world although at the end of the novel death stood against her way of achieving it. Far more interesting to note is that even with a form of attachment to their presumed place in the society, both characters appear to be instead detached from their societal backgrounds and that, within these detachments, dichotomies arise. In the situation of Rochester, he has been a disenfranchised second son and that, at some point, he has begun to be fond of the Caribbean as he began to despise the busy life in England, thus creating a gap between Rochester and the very idea of his social background as much as it, too, impresses upon his understanding that there is more to life beyond the society in which he originally belongs. Antoinette, on the other hand, also appears to be detached from the Caribbean society inasmuch as she is confronted with the rising confusion as to what societal backgrounds she belongs to. This can be drawn from the observation that she neither fits into the group of neither liberated slaves nor the prosperous white people, thereby suggesting the idea that there is a dichotomy between Antoinette and her â€Å"confused† social identity. This form of detachment from the society is amplified all the more by the fact that the female protagonist is alienated from the culture of Rochester in the metropolis where Antoinette barely knows anything about. These differences in the context of the social and cultural backgrounds share a crucial role in shedding light in the failure of their relationship in the sense that they both do not seem to have a common underlying connection, a mutual understanding of their respective societies that could have reinforced their relationship. Their individual societal backgrounds might have impressed unto their minds differing perceptions of the world beyond their societies, and that conflicts between these perceptions is nothing unusual. Rochester is obviously from a metropolitan culture where coldness and arrogance is tolerated and oftentimes accepted as a norm while Antoinette, on the other hand, is still beleaguered by her confusion on her identity both as a person and as an individual in the society. Conclusion In the entirety of the novel, one can observe underlying presuppositions on the societal backgrounds that shape the very behaviors of the characters. Further, these elements, when contextualized in an â€Å"alien† society, appear to conflict with the existing ideologies in a specific region and population. While the novel portray silhouettes of the role of social conduct and norms in the lives of men and women, the main protagonists in the novel, Rochester and Antoinette struggle with life as they are bombarded by the conflict existing between their worldly perspectives and attitudes towards one another. References Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea. Discussing Books, 2000. Plasa, Carl. Jean Rhys: Wide Sargasso Sea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. Reissue ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Schirf, Diane L. Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys. WebRing Inc. , 2002. Wide Sargasso Sea Essay Example Wide Sargasso Sea Paper The works I have chosen to compare and contrast are, George Bernard Shaws stage play Pygmalion, the story of a working class single woman wishing to change herself, and an upper middle class educated man acting as tutor; and Jean Rhyss novel Wide Sargasso Sea. Wide Sargasso Sea (WSS) was written in the 1960s and was seen as a prequel to Charlotte Brontes, Jane Eyre. It focuses on Mr Rochesters first wife Bertha prior to her arrival in England. Bertha, whose real name Antoinette Cosway is a passive Creole woman from Jamaica caught between two cultures. Whist there are the obvious differences between these pieces, with Wide Sargasso Sea being a novel set on a tropical island, and Pygmalion a stage play based on a flower girl from London, there are similarities from the outset. Other people base both these works upon much older works. WSS based upon Jane Eyre, and Pygmalion a reworking of the Greek tale in which a sculptor falls in love with his female statue. These seemingly innocent tales also contain subtle attacks upon the audience/reader and their way of life. Shaw adapts the subtext and plot of the play to attack the British Class system. We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instead of taking an inanimate object and bringing it to life, Shaw takes a lower class woman and passes her off as high-class royalty. While some of the audience at the time may have considered this as being brought to life, Shaw uses his play to show that the only real difference between classes is education and the way someone speaks. Yet his attack on the system is not an obvious overt critique but cleverly, woven into the story of Eliza the lower class woman forever concerned about her character, and Higgins the upper class educator who stubbornly will not change his ways and believes he is always right. Whist he abhors the idle upper and chattering middle classes more than the working class. This is obvious by his comparison between Elizas father and Freddie, describing Doolittle as the most original moralist in England (Shaw Pygmalion Act 5 p88), someone who Higgins is cautions when arguing with as he on several occasions has found himself losing ground, whilst Freddie is referred to as that young fool (Shaw Pygmalion act five p104). Pygmalion is not dissimilar to Cindirella, where the poor and lowly girl is transformed into a princess and marries her prince. Again, Shaw disappoints the audience by not giving them the fairy tale ending which was commonplace at the time, instead making Eliza a strong independent woman who does not want her prince (Higgins) and he does not want her. The show ends with them as equals yet both giving ground more out of courtesy than subjugation. Higgins telling Eliza to order a ham and gloves only to find that she is one-step ahead of him. While Higgins needs Eliza to organize his life, she needs him for financial support. Pygmalion is divided up into five acts in which the characters are introduced, the plot unfolds, and then an ending is produced, and contains stage directions for the characters to follow. Yet it does not describe the characters in to much detail apart from their attire. She is not at all a romantic figure she is perhaps eighteen perhaps twenty, hardly older Her features are no worse than theirs, but her condition leaves something to be desired, and she needs the services of a dentist. Shaw, Pygmalion Act 1 Page 10) While the novel WSS is played out in three parts of unequal length, the first part is narrated by Antoinette, then her husband, and finally by Berth, who is Antoinette, but by now has changed so much that she has almost become a ghost of someone else. Whist the change Eliza makes is dramatic from her first appearance, she is and remains the same woman we first are introduced to yet has become stronger, more confident, more alive and full of colour than her initial drab bawdy character. Antoinettes transformation into Betha takes the opposite approach and the colour and life being portrayed is that of her surroundings, while she becomes the drab grey figure in the attic. The narration in parts one and two portray vivid surroundings, sights and smells that contrast greatly against Pygmalions grubby beginnings waiting for a cab outside St Pauls standing on the veranda I breathed the sweetness of the air, cloves I could smell and cinnamon, roses and orange blossom. And an intoxicating freshness as if all this had never been breathed before (WSS p44) whilst the most description we receive from Shaw is of Elizas character She wears a little sailor hat of black straw that has long been exposed to the dust and soot of London (Pygmalion Act one page 11). The description in Pygmalion is only to assist those producing the play; the eventual look and feel of the set will be decided by someone other than the writer. Whilst WSS descriptive passages assist the reader, imagine in their minds wonderful tropical islands of scent and sunshine. These two pieces of work at first would seem worlds apart, yet under closer examination reveal similarities, both works examine the lives of women who go through dramatic changes in their lives, although Elizas changes are at her request, she approaches Higgins asking for lessons I want to be a lady in a flower shop. (Pygmalion act two P26/27), Antoinettes changes are mainly brought about by other people, her father dying, mother marrying then going insane, being trapped in a world between two cultures that do not accept her, and yet having no sign of her trying to escape this world. The change in Elizas language gives her power towards the end of the play, where she is able to converse at Higgins level putting them on an equal footing, which had been impossible before due to the language barrier, Eliza started out a comical figure for the audience, who then transforms into one of them. While in WSS, language is also a barrier to Rochester as the locals speak Patios and he has difficulty understanding them. Then she looked at me, shook her head, and muttered in Patois before she went out. WSS p64) This language barrier causes distrust between Rochester and Antoinette. Language is also an issue for the reader at the start in this book, where we have Godfrey, and Christophine, who have different dialects and speak in ways the reader would not easily understand. This makes us stand back from what is going on, and is only with the help of Antoinettes first person narrative that we are brought into this world. Another comparison between the two are the challenging of preconceived ideas regarding people. WSS challenges 1960s ideas regarding race, values, gender and colonialism, specifically regarding the Creole, and black community, but also making the reader think about the colonial past, with characters who do not understand their surroundings such as Rochester or Mr Mason who does not understand how dangerous the locals can be even with Annettes warnings. His assumption Theyre too damn lazy to be dangerous. (WSS page 16) shows Mason is a typically of the time stiff upper-lipped Englishman. When Annette responds that they can be cruel for reasons you wouldnt understand (WSS p16) he confirms his inability to comprehend the locals No I dont understand at all (WSS P16), he is also at this point telling us he does not understand Annette and her in his mind irrational fear of the locals, and perhaps also pointing out issues within society at the time regarding immigration. While Shaw deals with challenging womens place in society, by supporting equality and education for all as a means of bringing about change to the poor. Wide Sargasso Sea, also contains parental rejection that influences the main characters, Antoinette is rejected by her mother especially after her brother dies, the rejection between mother and daughter is an emotional experience, Antoinette initially receives the attention she has craved from her mother only to be rejected No No No, and then flung me from her (WSS page 26) that moment casts a shadow over the rest of Antoinettes relationships throughout the book. We also have Rochester who has been rejected by his father, and married off whilst his brother inherits the family fortune. Whilst Rhys had no real influence with this as Bronte has already given us this part of Rochesters history, Rhys re-emphasises this. We then have Daniel claiming to be Antoinettes brother, abandoned by his white father and causing trouble between Antoinette and Rochester. We also encounter in both books the selling of family, in WSS Daniel is asking for money in a malicious way from Rochester after exposing secrets from Antoinettes past, while Doolittle in Pygmalion is selling his daughter in an almost comical situation. Higgins and Doolittle barter, haggle and ague about who should keep Eliza, initially Higgins is revolted at the thought of someone selling their daughter, as would have been the audience of the time, however Doolittles response that he can not afford morals works with Higgins, and makes him questions his initial judgement. WSS has the narrator through out giving a voice to the story, with its voice changing reflecting different sides to the story helping the reader look at all view points. Shaw has also given his play a voice for the social messages he wishes to get across, in that of Elizas father. Here is a character the play could easily do without, he serves no real purpose to the plot, but he does act as Shaws own moralistic orator throughout, he spouts views from the working mans perspective, perhaps giving the audience its only real insight into a large portion of the population (Pygmalion page 47). Wide Sargasso Sea Essay Example Wide Sargasso Sea Paper Wide Sargasso Sea is a novel set by a woman in the time when females were obviously being marginalised and seen as one of the least important roles in society. Many different views of womens role in the 1960s . The style written gave the impression that women were becoming aware of the feminist ideas. This grew out of the civil rights and the black movement. The women were especially active in these times. Also one note to be made is that reviews on this novel speak of Rhys style of writing is to do with women who need a man in order to live through the struggles of life looking and discussing this through my essay this concludes that this is true. The novel of Wide Sargasso Sea tells you what it was like to be a woman in these times, and a majority of the novel is written in the mind of a woman. The first relationship of the male and female is between the main two characters Mr Rochester and Antoinette. The most significant thing about this relationship is that the roles of power change. We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wide Sargasso Sea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the beginning, coming into a new setting, Mr Rochester finds it difficult to adapt to the environment and his ethnocentric view does not aid this. He talks about trying to discover the secret of Granbois. This makes him inferior because he doesnt know the area well enough to have any real knowledge of it, and being a male in this relationship he has negative views of this. In these relationships the men were supposedly meant to be the head of the union, because he is the man . When the novel progresses and Antoinette starts to lose her mind he starts to take over with the power and the dominance in their relationship. Certainly I will call my dear Bertha Not Bertha tonight Of course of on this on all nights you must be called bertha As you wish Antoinette has given total submission into Rochester. If you look back to the British Empire women were marginalised and controlled. As Rochester is from England it is typical for him to behave in this dominant manor. Rochester had power over Antoinette sexually using her for his own pleasures rather than for the love of her. He feels no tenderness only lust. This relationship changes again when Christophine gives Antoinette the love potion for Mr Rochester. He was out of control when he woke up after drinking the poison and Antoinette thought she had him where she wanted him to love her, but then when Mr Rochester became intimate with Amelie the roles changed again. She was able to lure him into sleeping with her and breaking up his relationship. Throughout the journey to England and even in England he dominates. His biggest form of dominance is through trapping her in an attic; He has nearly broken her but not her spirit. Mr Rochester has marginalised Antoinette and the novel then ends in a strongly patriarchal tone. He wants to own her this is apparent when he describes her as his mad woman. The red eyed, wild haired stranger who is my wife. A different relationship, which contradicts the view of men being the most dominant, is with Christophine. Christophine is a fierce obeah woman who is feared in society for her black magic but Mr Rochester has a big problem with the power she has also the fear and respect she carries. He tells Antoinette on many occasions of his strong dislike for her and how upfront she is also her aggressive manner. Take a try of my bulls blood its not like the horse piss you drink in England You can see that he is the only one who challenges Christophine. This is when they confront each other, you see Christophine begging Rochester to love Antoinette and this is a form of dominance on his part. You can see that Christophine intimidates Rochester that is why he has threatened to report Christophine to the authorities. I think he feels he hasnt got the power or the will to convict Christophine himself. Christophine puts Rochester in his place by telling him the truth of his actions by using sex to control Antoinette. Rochester silently admits to all the accusations made of him. But she hold out eh, she hold out (Yes she held out. A pity) Christophine has stood up for Antoinette and is reminding Rochester of the wrong he has done, the fact she approaches him and addresses him of the wrong he has done But you dont love. All you want is to break her up. And it help you break her up This challenges the opinion that men are more dominant in the situation between these two characters. Christophine has lived in Jamaica all her life and in a way owns the area she is in, Rochester finds it hard to marginalize Christophine, he is the one who is being marginalized by her this is clear through the hints for Antoinette to leave Rochester and run away from Christophine. This shows that as a women she was standing up for herself The next relationship I have chosen to analyse is the relationship between Mr Rochester and the servant of the house Amelie who Mr Rochester slept with. Rochesters power over Amelie is only material but her power over him is more than that. He was not able to marginalize her; she was able to manipulate him. She continually stresses I feel sorry for you From the beginning of the novel you can see her attempts to lure him into liking her and destroy their marriage further, she does this without any problems. This form of ascendancy is strong. What Amelie proves is that she is able to get whatever she wants. On the other hand the purpose for Rochester sleeping with her was due to his anger at Antoinette in order to anger her and he hated Antoinette so he wanted to fulfil his desires differently. The argument to this view is that Mr Rochester could have found anybody to have an affair with but he gave into Amelies hints and gestures and became intimate with her. She was a slave which could justify the strength (in society) he has over her but other than this affair between these characters Amelie had the upper hand, she gets what she wants. Concerning this relationship having material things is the most important way of having power in the 19th century and being able to lure somebody abandon their marriage is not the power that can demonstrate authority in this situation Rochester emerges as stronger and marginalises Amelie. He is the one marginalizing Amelie and who has more authority you could see he didnt love her and was using her. Another relationship I have chosen to analyse is between Annette and Mr Mason. Mr Mason is an English slave owner: he was part of the British Colonising Empire. His views are similar of that to Rochester and considering that he is a slave owner he is dominant. He decided to come to Jamaica to wed. He definitely marginalizes Annette. He has total power over her through wealth but also through, having power over all the servants gives him the idea that he has the power over the other people of that land. He talks of how he will persuade the people not to cause problems for the family in the end he cannot and the house in Coulibri gets burned down Their too damn lazy to be dangerous You can see that the way that he acts towards Annette he doesnt look after her well enough and she needs someone to do this for her. He later abandons her. The fact is this relationship shows there is a patriarchal masterdom but the fact of him running away does not aid in making a conclusion of his power. The fact of him having money and employees does this for him. The women are normally oppressed by their husbands and the males in their life it was only Christophine who rebelled the idea of mens dominance. In conclusion looking at the different relationships throughout the novel I am able to conclude this statement: For the most part, empire itself was strongly patriarchal, so that women were marginalized and controlled.

Recycling in the UAE

Recycling in the UAE Recycling allows people turn waste materials into something new and useful. In such way, we gain the opportunity not only to save our environment but also to reduce utilizing of raw materials. Car recycling is also dedicated to these purposes. More than 70 percent less energy is used to recycle metal instead of making new (Grabianowski par. 3).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Recycling in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This issue is crucial for the UAE, as the new approach is likely to enhance the income of the country and make it more independent. Recycled metals are much cheaper and can be mixed with new steel. That is why today a car consists of many details that can be processed. There are several techniques and digital tools that help to select materials for products. The methods proposed by Ashby and the CES sector are among them. The work that was written by Ashby and Cebon deals with the CES EduPac k and describes â€Å"a design-led procedure for the teaching of materials and processes† on its basis (1). It is explained that the CES EduPack is of a great advantage as it includes texts and software tools that are to help in teaching, as they describe the properties of materials and processes. Everything is focused on the systematic method of selecting materials. All the things that engineers produce are made from materials. Needless to say that these materials are to be chosen correctly so that no problems occur during the creation of a product and its exploitation. That is why it is important to remember that the materials are to be of â€Å"low density, high strength, modest cost and resistant to sea water†, for example (Ashby and Cebon 1). So as the design is chosen, one is to make sure that the materials selected for the product perfectly meet all requirements. To streamline the process a person can refer to the many of engineering materials, which includes th e basic families that can be combined to create hybrids. In order to deepen into the subject, the hierarchical structure for material classification should be used. It allows to find out not only the family of the material but also more detailed information such as its class and a range of all attributes, which is called a property profile of the material. The same structuring can be applied to the manufacturing process. So referring to the structures, one can find the best match to meet the requirements of the design. Thus, the selection of the materials is to go through several steps: An engineer is to consider all materials and find out which materials can be used according to the design requirements; The materials’ attributes fail to meet at least one of the constraints mentioned in the design, and they are to be eliminated; As only appropriate materials are left, one is to define which of them can do the job better than others; To make sure that the candidates are the o nes that the person was searching for, the professional is to find the documentation about them. These can be case studies that describe previous utilizing, some peculiarities or warnings; Finally, the materials that perfectly fit are chosen. Young’s modulus and other similar charts can be used to implement the strategy as they present a perspective on the world of materials regarding their properties. By analyzing them, a professional is likely to determine the familiarities and clusters.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The CES EduPack software simplifies this process as provides the students with the database of mentioned information. As one chooses the material, he/she can find out some general information about it as well as mechanical, thermal, electrical properties. Moreover, the range of the products in which it is typically used is mentioned (for example, ABS is typically used for automotive instrument panels and other interior components, automobile grilles, wheel covers, and large components for recreational vehicles, etc.). In a similar way, the information about the manufacturing processes is presented. The student gains the description of the process, its physical and economic attributes, shape, and typical uses. Thus, all steps of material and process selection can be conducted with the help of the CES software. It even provides with the charts of properties and their descriptions. This software is convenient for teaching and learning the material because it has three levels of data that are in congruence with the students’ level. It is likely to assist people who study or already work in the sphere of recycling. The advantage of utilizing the CES software for car recycling is undeniable. Professionals can use it for identifying material content and the way it can be combined. They can change the steel bumper on the lighter one by finding the materials that fit the design requirements and are less heavy. Thus, the car industry can develop as an appropriate material in one detail can save fuel and raw material and make the vehicle cheaper. Moreover, while choosing the materials, the professional can identify whether it can be recycled or not referring to the recycling content mentioned in the database. Mike Ashby presents material and process selection charts that are focused on material properties and process attributes. The property space devoted to the class of materials is displayed on the charts. This information can be used by professionals for identification the values for properties, selection the materials that meet the design requirements, and creation hybrid materials (Ashby 4). The process charts are also meant to be used as the source of information about various processes and as the device for their selection. A range of targets can be met at the same time, as the professional have an oppo rtunity to apply these charts successively. Of course, it is much easier to cope with the issue while working on the needed chart directly. Such opportunity is provided by the author, which enhances the process.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Recycling in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The carts allow the professionals in the sphere to define the class to which the material belongs and to identify the range of behavior that is particular to its members. Thus, it occurs to be easy to determine an amount of materials that can be recycled at the end of life. Moreover, as the information about the family is clarified, this chart helps to sort the materials when they are already recycled. Thus, it occurs to be clear what elements can be combined to represent fine ceramics that has an ability of load-bearing application, for example. The charts also provide the users with the list of properties and allow to fi nd a set of materials that have several specific features. For example, in perspective of recycling, destiny, price and melting point can be of high interest as well as the eco-properties and environmental resistance. Still, it is impossible to choose a material without further consideration, as the charts provide approximate data. The advantage lies in the fact that a professional can define a subset of materials, with which one will proceed to work. Thus, the selection charts can assist in sorting materials and identifying the processes that are to be undertaken. The source also helps to associate materials and processes. It includes the bar-chart that defines which process can â€Å"shape, or join, or finish† particular materials (Ashby 28). Youngs modulus applied to the properties helps to calculate the effect of recycled material and to predict whether there is a sense in working with it or not. The work presented by Premrudee Kanchanapiya acquaints the readers with the world of materials and focuses on the CES EduPack software (3). There are four data-tables in the CES Edu database; these are materials and processes and references and suppliers. The software is adapted to the needs of the students of Engineering and Materials Science and Design, as it is divided according to their knowledge: Level 1 is appropriate for the first years. It consists of the main 64 materials and 75 processes; Level 2 is meant for the students of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of studying and provides them with the information about 94 materials and 107 processes; Level 3 is used by bachelors, masters and research students. The data-tables include the description of 2916 materials and 233 processes. Unfortunately, if a student needs to compare the materials, one cannot do it utilizing the data sheet. Still, material bar-charts and property charts can be used. While dealing with recycling, they provide the opportunity to select the best material according to the requireme nts of the design. Thus, after identifying the subset of materials with the help of selection charts provided by Ashby, one can choose the best material to be used in a product that will be recycled after the end of life. Moreover, it allows to define which materials can be gathered while recycling on the basis of their properties.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The material search space of this tool can be also used for such purposes, as by mentioning concept, embodiment and details, one can specify the product needed by the market. Identifying what function is demanded from the component, what requirements it is to meet, what is to be increased or reduced and which variables are free, the professional can narrow the range of elements. Thus, Ashby’s method and the CES EduPack Software can greatly assist the professionals in collecting and processing the materials that can be recycled. Together they are an operant force for the whole industry and technology capability. The source â€Å"Cambridge Engineering Selector† is aimed to pay attention to the eco-product development. It is a useful manual for those who start working with the CES EduPack Software, as it includes many details and peculiarities of its utilizing. â€Å"Vehicle Recycling† is presented by Toyota Motor Corporation to pay the customer’s attention to the life cycle of their cars and underline that the end-of-life cars are to be recycled to save our nature. Toyota’s plan is to prevent environmental pollution with the help of recycling and efficient resources utilizing. They are targeted at the usage of ecological plastic in their cars. That is why the CES software and the Ashby’s method should be applied to find the set of materials that will meet the design requirements. The aim of the company can be associated with non-waste production, as they want to provide the customers with the cars that can be easily recycled at the end of life to create a new vehicle from this material (Environmental Affairs Div. and Toyota Motor Corporation 2). The approach of the Life Cycle Assessment is to be the basis of the design according to the CES. Toyota maintains this idea through the process of car development. They tend to reduce the usage of fuel used and pollution produced. These peculiarities can be considered while selec ting the materials utilizing the software. Thus, the process is to go through tree main stages: Planning – define what is expected from the product; Design – fit the requirements with by dint of appropriate material and process selection; Confirmation – make sure that the product meets all demands. Toyota not only makes its vehicles from the materials that can be recycled but also indicates, which details are appropriate with the help of special mark. So the process of gathering needed elements streamlines. As the company tries to utilize plastics that is made from plants, the methods and tools for materials selection can help it to identify whether they can maintain the qualities of petroleum-based ones or not. Thus, using Ashby’s methods and the CES software, the company can identify which materials are likely to be substituted and which can be used instead of them without reducing the quality of a product. It can also define what processes are to be conducted to join or shape the materials. The UAE puts a lot of efforts to control the quality of water and air. The country enhances its industries to prevent pollution and increase autonomy. That is why recycling of various materials is important for the country. Recycling cars is a crucial advantage for the UAE, as it is the best way to dispose of cars and gain useful materials from them at the same time. It helps people and organizations to save their nature and resources. Recycling cars provides an opportunity to use raw materials in the most effective way and to return them to the country’s economy cycle. Advanced ways to sort materials â€Å"are necessary to ensure the value of industries that use recycled materials, especially since the increasing demand for recycled materials requires us to look for and implement the latest technologies† (â€Å"Waste and Recycling† 6). To minimalize waste and increase the profit of recycling, more attention is to be pai d to the selection of materials. Digital tools such as CES software can be used to educate people and deepen their knowledge in the sphere. The techniques offered by the scholars such as Ashby methods allow the companies to produce products that are easy to recycle and to create a new one from the recycled materials so that their quality remains high. Thus, the industries save money and increase their capitals by protecting the environment. Omitting special tools and techniques targeted at the streamlining of the process, companies are likely to create products, cars, in particular, that are hardly recyclable or do not meet the customers’ demands. Thus, the best way to enhance the car industry is to pay more attention to the selection of materials and processes that refer to the sphere and are utilized in the vehicle production and recycling. Ashby, Mike 2009, Material and Process Selection Charts. PDF file. 28 Sep. 2015. mie.uth.gr/ekp_yliko/2_materials-charts-2009.pdf. Ash by, Mike, and David Cebon 2007, Teaching Engineering Materials: the CES EduPack. PDF file. 28 Sep. 2015. http://web.mit.edu/course/3/3.225/refs/Teaching_Engineering_Materials.pdf. Environmental Affairs Div., and Toyota Motor Corporation 2014, Vehicle Recycling. PDF file. 28 Sep. 2015. toyota-global.com/sustainability/report/vehicle_recycling/pdf/vr_all.pdf. Grabianowski, Ed. How Car Crushers Work. 30 Jun. 2011. Web. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-crusher4.htm. Kanchanapiya, Premrudee 2008, Cambridge Engineering Selector. PDF file. 28 Sep. 2015. http://www2.mtec.or.th/website/backend/app/filemn/uploads/11_11_08_CES%20EDUPACK%20(for%20à ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¨Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ £).pdf. Waste and Recycling 2015. PDF file. 28 Sep. 2015. http://waste-recyclingme.ae/WR%20-Suppliment%202014-15.pdf

How to Conjugate the Italian Verb Accorgersi

How to Conjugate the Italian Verb Accorgersi Conjugation table for the Italian verb  accorgersi accorgersi: to notice, realize, be aware ofIrregular second-conjugation Italian verbReflexive verb  (requires a  reflexive pronoun) INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO Presente io mi accorgo tu ti accorgi lui, lei, Lei si accorge noi ci accorgiamo voi vi accorgete loro, Loro si accorgono Imperfetto io mi accorgevo tu ti accorgevi lui, lei, Lei si accorgeva noi ci accorgevamo voi vi accorgevate loro, Loro si accorgevano Passato remoto io mi accorsi tu ti accorgesti lui, lei, Lei si accorse noi ci accorgemmo voi vi accorgeste loro, Loro si accorsero Futuro semplice io mi accorger tu ti accorgerai lui, lei, Lei si accorger noi ci accorgeremo voi vi accorgerete loro, Loro si accorgeranno Passato prossimo io mi sono accorto/a tu ti sei accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si accorto/a noi ci siamo accorti/e voi vi siete accorti/e loro, Loro si sono accorti/e Trapassato prossimo io mi ero accorto/a tu ti eri accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si era accorto/a noi ci eravamo accorti/e voi vi eravate accorti/e loro, Loro si erano accorti/e Trapassato remoto io mi fui accorto/a tu ti fosti accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si fu accorto/a noi ci fummo accorti/e voi vi foste accorti/e loro, Loro si furono accorti/e Future anteriore io mi sar accorto/a tu ti sarai accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si sar accorto/a noi ci saremo accorti/e voi vi sarete accorti/e loro, Loro si saranno accorti/e SUBJUNCTIVE/CONGIUNTIVO Presente io mi accorga tu ti accorga lui, lei, Lei si accorga noi ci accorgiamo voi vi accorgiate loro, Loro si accorgano Imperfetto io mi accorgessi tu ti accorgessi lui, lei, Lei si accorgesse noi ci accorgessimo voi vi accorgeste loro, Loro si accorgessero Passato io mi sia accorto/a tu ti sia accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si sia accorto/a noi ci siamo accorti/e voi vi siate accorti/e loro, Loro si siano accorti/e Trapassato io mi fossi accorto/a tu ti fossi accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si fosse accorto/a noi ci fossimo accorti/e voi vi foste accorti/e loro, Loro si fossero accorti/e CONDITIONAL/CONDIZIONALE Presente io mi accorgerei tu ti accorgeresti lui, lei, Lei si accorgerebbe noi ci accorgeremmo voi vi accorgereste loro, Loro si accorgerebbero Passato io mi sarei accorto/a tu ti saresti accorto/a lui, lei, Lei si sarebbe accorto/a noi ci saremmo accorti/e voi vi sareste accorti/e loro, Loro si sarebbero accorti/e IMPERATIVE/IMPERATIVO Presente - accorgiti, si accorga, accorgiamoci, accorgetevi, si accorgano INFINITIVE/INFINITO Presente - accorgersi Passato - essersi accorto PARTICIPLE/PARTICIPIO Presente - accorgentesi Passato - accortosi GERUND/GERUNDIO Presente - accorgendosi Passato - essendosi accorto Italian Verbs    Italian Verbs: Auxiliary verbs, reflexive verbs, and the use of various tenses. Verb conjugations, definitions, and examples. Italian Verbs For Beginners: Reference guide to Italian verbs.

The Financial Impact of Medical Errors On Health Service Organizations Essay

The Financial Impact of Medical Errors On Health Service Organizations - Essay Example A definition of medical errors cited by Neilipovitz (2005) denotes it as "Both as the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or as the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim, whether or not the error results in harm" (p. 28). Neilipovitz (2005) notes that it is hard to measure the extent of medical errors as a problem in the healthcare sector. This is in regard to the fact that some of the medical errors do not elicit unfavorable effects or outcomes hence are not easily identified. However, many fatalities have been reported over the past due to medical errors. In fact, Neilipovitz (2005) asserts that between forty four thousand and ninety eight thousand fatalities are reported in the U.S. per annum. In order to explicate and understand the financial impact of medical errors in health service organizations, it is of significance to delineate the causes of medical errors. Medical errors according to the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management (ASHRM) (2011) may result from a number of factors such as ineffective communication, poor flow of information within a healthcare facility, inadequate staffing levels, as well as poor action plans and strategy implementation. These medical errors impact on all stakeholders and the society in general socially, physically, emotionally, and economically. According to Naylor (2002), more than fifty percent of medical errors are caused by prescription mistakes while more than thirty percent relate to how drugs are administered. For instance, if a physician does not have all the information relating to a drug, then he or she is more likely to give the wrong dosage, give wrong directions on how the drugs ought to be administered, and somet imes even give the wrong medication for a specific ailment. Medical errors may also occur when a physician does not take time to assess a patients medical history (Naylor, 2002).

Adoration of the Shepherds and The Holy Family with the Shepherds Term Paper

Adoration of the Shepherds and The Holy Family with the Shepherds - Term Paper Example This obsessive attention to detail is a signature too of the Mantegna style and imprint, already fully formed at the time of the commissioning of the painting, completed when he was barely out of his teens. The descriptions of the painting include precision, hardness, a sense of clarity of the image and of the vision that was unique and spectacular during its time, and the refinement and the purity in the colors that were employed. In the Adoration of the Shepherds the clarity of the detail, the use of colors that are pure, and the sharpness and the overall sense of exactness of the composition is said to extend all the way to the background, where even the landscape far away from the scene in focus is described in such a level of detail that critics then and now consider with awe and astonishment. The emphasis on detail reflects tool, an aesthetic that focuses on reality, realistic depictions, even if in the case of the shepherds there is a lack of a tendency to idealize and beautif y their presences, and instead they are depicted in the painting in the full reality of the coarseness of their appearance and the drabness of the colors of their clothing. In contrast, Joseph's clothing, and his presence and appearance, are vibrant and serene at the same time, starkly in opposition to everything else, especially with regard to the yellow garb of Joseph. Mary's muted blue and red garb blends more with the surrounding environment, meanwhile, and it is noteworthy that the focus of attention of the shepherds is not Jesus and Mary, but in the painting it is Joseph they are facing and bowing to (Kren and Marx; Louvre; Abrahams). The Holy... See in the painting the shepherds look more like angels than human beings, in the handsome quality of their faces, the serenity and lack of human sin in the way their faces are depicted, and in the way their smiles and their presences encouraged further intimacy of spirit among the shepherds and the holy family. There is nothing at all that is course or reflecting toil and hardship in this painting. The composition is idealized too, in the way the lighting is so crafted so that the virgin mother and the infant Jesus take center stage in the painting, with the baby Jesus as the focal point of the attention of all the people in the painting, a deliberate staging of the painting so that mother and child, and child in particular, are the most important figures in the painting. The child Jesus is the focus of the love and attention of the shepherds, as well as of the virgin mother Mary. In contrast to the softness and the idealization that are the hallmarks of the painting by Jordaens, th e painting of Mantegna puts sharp focus on the outward physical reality of the scene, with the shepherds depicted not as idealized, angel-like figures but as very human, and as shepherds who toil and who are nomadic in their ways are expected to look at. Where Jordaens idealizes and softens the scene to evoke warmth and closeness, Mantegna offers stark reality, and detailed depictions of that reality. There is nothing at all that is course or reflecting toil and hardship in this painting, angel-like figures but as very human.

Language skill is essential tool in the job market Essay Example for Free

Language skill is essential tool in the job market Essay Language skill is essential tool in the job market. Being able to speak a prefect english language is a skill that a person have over other graduates and being able to boost up the chances of getting the job. English language proficiency works as a determination of people’s opportunity to get a job. Hence it can be concluded that a persons ability and perseverance of a language plays an important and vital role in future employment. A person must have the ability to convey their ideas with a good english and to achieve it a daily practice of the language will give a better result. A better understanding of the language will secure a place for a better job. The characters in both articles teaches that we can improved the language skill if we try to our best. If we got enough self-motivation, it is possible brush up our language skills in our spare time. There are plenty ways to practice and improve the english language skill and one of it is through learning new words from dictionary. Other than that, Amy tan in her article â€Å"Mother Tongue† celebrates the fact that she did not follow the expectations that people had of her because her maths are better than her english and of her struggle with writing and language. Its shows that self-determination contributes to the success. I agree with you that it is essential that we properly understand the role that English plays and will play in our daily life. For many jobs, communication skills in English are in increasing demand. English is becoming a basic requirement for a job. Importance of the English language in the workplace continues to be a top concern among employers. A person who are more competent, fluent and impressive in speaking in English than other graduates have better opportunities in the job market. Every employee faces interview before getting a job. If that person is not suitable for the respective job in terms of English language, the chances of getting the job will be low.Hence, a good english language skill is important to secure a better job. The characters of both articles also says that we can learn and improve English language if we have a self-motivation and improve our daily communication. We can started with a simple English and improve it day by day .

Analysis of Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

Gulliver's Travels Many of the critics who have critiqued Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels have used the word extraneous more then once.   Swift was viewed as an insane person who was a failure in life.   But this is far from the truth.   Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels, a book that has been assigned to students for years, and it is written from experience.   Swift's experience with the Tories and their conflicts with the Whigs caused him to write books that mock religious beliefs, government, or people with views differing from his own.   In one of these books, Gulliver's Travels, Swift criticizes the corruption of the English government, society, science, religion, and man in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Gulliver's first travel, in which he visited Lilliput, Gulliver is faced with the minute people, called Lilliputians.   Now while this is the premise for a fantasy story, Swift uses the events within to make severe criticisms of England between reigns of Queen Anne and George the first.   The people of Lilliput are about six inches tall, and there size signifies that their motives, acts, and humanity are in the same, dwarfish (Long 276).   In this section, the royal palace is accidentally set on fire, containing the empress inside.   Instead of making his way across town, to the ocean, squashing the people of Lilliput as he goes, Gulliver makes use of his urine to save the palace.   While this vulgar episode was a display of bravery, it infuriated the emperor, causing revenge to be vowed on Gulliver.   Rather then be happy that both the emperor and the palace are not in ruin, the littleness of the government and the people in general is displayed in this act.   Another display of this is the fact that Gulliver is used as the Emperor's absolute weapon, but the emperor only uses him to conquer his world of two islands.   This makes the emperor's ambition seem extremely low (Bloom, Interpretations 84-5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Swift also criticizes the religious beliefs of the Lilliputians and England in the first story.   In Lilliput, Ministers were chosen strictly on agility, or their ability to walk a tightrope or stick jumping.   They were able to maintain their rank of minister as long as they could keep these defeating these tasks (Swift, Writings 89).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The political parties of the English government are represented by the conservative High Heels who depict the Tories, and the progressive Low Heels, or Whigs.

Kelly Case Study Essay

1. According to Kelly, the most superordinate construct within Philip’s construct of clergy would most likely be that clergy members are direct representatives of God and that they carry out his will. Subordinate to this is the daily duties and sacrifices that clergy members must undertake, such as a vow of chastity and the spiritual guidance they must give to parishioners. Further subordinate to this construct is Philip’s perception that differences in views exist amongst clergy members, such as those who advocate reform within the church versus those who are more orthodox. 2. The two most evident and contrasting poles of Philip’s clergy construct could be the fact that Philip sees the church as a guiding, divine and spiritual entity, versus his view that it can also be restrictive and somewhat forbidding. This would apply to the dichotomy corollary, as it postulates that people use dichotomous poles of a construct to view the same thought in opposing (according to the person’s own personal viewpoint) ways. 3. Philip’s clergy construct is the same as that of others in the sense that both he and other clergy members feel the weight of their responsibilities and obligations to their followers. They can consequently talk with each other about these issues due to the common experiences shared by the clergy members, and therefore this applies to the commonality corollary. 4. Philip’s clergy construct is different from that of others in the sense that he disagrees with the views of members of the clergy who wish to reform certain practices of the church. Philip believes that the traditional methodologies of the church should continue to be followed, and he sees it as somewhat irrational and unbecoming that reformers would revoke what they were taught and swore to carry out. These differences in construction of events and beliefs would most closely apply to the individuality corollary. 5. According to Kelly, Philip’s clergy construct would most likely be considered fairly impermeable, due to his resistance to changes within the framework of how he envisions the church. This could be more commonly characterised as close-minded or perhaps â€Å"traditional†, as Philip’s construct of the church does not permit a wide range of convenience and is therefore resistant to including new elements (in this case, reform of  church practices). 6. The sociality corollary states that people, when playing a â€Å"role† in social situations, act in accordance with the expectations of others, and that the understanding of another person’s outlook and expectations is known as a â€Å"role construct†. An example of this in the case study could be the fact that Philip is aware when speaking to certain members of the public that he evokes a change in their behaviour due to his position as a priest. They make sure not to seem offensive or blasphemous in any way, and Philip is aware that they are acting differently than they normally would. In this case, the people altering their behaviour in Philip’s presence would be considered the role players, as they have a role construct about Philip due to his priesthood – likely that he is very couth and averse to any kind of potentially offensive or vulgar behaviour – and consequently adjust their mannerisms accordingly.

Illegal Aliens Burden Healthcare and Border Security Essay

An increasing number of people from all over the globe are migrating into America for one reason or another. This has raised alarm to the American government as it is a great burden to the healthcare system and a threat to the national security. Migrations that are legal can be beneficial to the American government while on the other hand migrations that are illegal seem to create disorders in the society (Edwards Jr. ). Aliens are not referred as illegal because of color, race, ethnicity or even nationality, but it is immigration into a country without the qualifications to migrate in the right way. Every country has outlined guidelines that an individual or group must go through before migrating into the country. Illegal immigration has been a problem in America with illegal aliens increasingly becoming associated with the burdening of the health care system and the security of the American borders (Edwards Jr. ). The American health care system ensures that health care services offered citizens are subsidized. The American government has been trying its best to reduce the population that is not insured but the illegal aliens that storm into the borders every now and again have been increasing the numbers each time. In the year 1998, a total of 37% aliens who had been staying in the America did not have health insurance (Edwards Jr. ). This is not fair really as many aliens get free treatments with the tax of the Americans. A reduction in insurance coverage has made most of these aliens poor as compared to the natives. Additionally, in the education system, the illegal aliens have not been able to take their children to schools. This creates more problems as lack of education results to increased criminals hence threatening border and general security. The illegal aliens have been a great problem to deal with as they have really cost the health system of the Americans. It is clear that hospitals and other medical facilities cannot run well without financial aid. This financing is expected to come from the citizens who pay taxes and have got insurance on their health. On the other hand, one cannot see a dying patient and start asking if he or she is an alien or a native individual. A doctor would rather choose to give medication to that patient than ask whether he is an alien or an American citizen. This has led to exhaustion of the medical facilities in the American hospitals and led to even closure of some hospitals. For instance in California, 84 hospitals have been closed (Edwards Jr. ). It is a fact that the illegal aliens in the United States have really been a great burden to the government. Apart from Illegal aliens burdening the insurance systems in America, the illegal aliens have caused border insecurity. It is clear that at one point or another, individual can commit a mistake or even a crime. Once that has been done, an individual is expected to pay damages for that crime committed (Edwards Jr. ). Aliens that are illegal are not insured and thus they are not eligible to pay for the damages they cause. What makes it worse, most of the rude people in the society are the illegal aliens who have no clue how an offence can be punished. They go ahead and do such crimes and they walk away. This has been a burden to the insurance system of the United States of America. In terms of security, illegal aliens have really burdened the American government. To begin with, to deter more aliens from crossing the borders to gain access of the resources of the Americans, there has been a need to increase the patrol at the borders of America; this is a practice that is very costly as it includes recruiting many police security officials to watch over the people migrating into the American soil illegally. This was enhanced upon realization that some people cross the borders to gain access into the American soil. This has been a burden to the border patrol as they have to watch every time even during the night on any one crossing the border (Edwards Jr. ). Further still, in the prisons systems of the Americans, most of the inmates are aliens. This sends a clear signal that most of the crimes committed in USA are done by the illegal aliens that stay inside the borders of America. Apart from the burden the illegal aliens give to the American prison systems, they have also sent a signal of the national security threat. It is stipulated that 29% of the prisoners in the state and federal prisons are aliens (Edwards Jr. ). This implies that most of the criminals that are arrested are aliens. This is a threat to the security as they try all ways to combat crime in the USA; illegal aliens keep committing those crimes. Therefore one can conclude that illegal aliens are really costing the Americans. Law enforcement systems in America waste billions of dollars each year in the enforcing the law that is often broken by the illegal aliens. To enforce law involves the activities of the judges, lawyers and the prosecutors. These personalities demand a lot of money in one single sitting to issue a sentence to a criminal. Most of the people who need these procedures are the aliens since they do not understand the American constitution well and they end up finding themselves in the hands of criminals all the time (Edwards Jr. ). This has posed a lot of burden to the American government as it tries to control the level of crime rates in America. Generally, the illegal aliens in the American soil have led to negative impacts in the United States and even in politics, the illegal aliens have taken part in the frauds of the voting exercises either at a fee by the American politicians or even personal willingness. It is also clear that most of the terrorist attacks in the American soil are done by the aliens that are illegally in the country (Edwards Jr. ). Further still, most companies have often believed that the aliens offer cheap labor and have gone further in substituting the aliens with the American employees in their companies. This in the end has adverse effects on the American citizens. In conclusion, illegal aliens in the United States and the illegal migrants have really brought a lot of burden, not only to the American government, but also to the entire population of America. Despite the measure being put in place to deter more aliens from flocking into the country, there have still been a number of aliens who come into the American boundaries illegally.

White-collar crime vs. street crime essay

White-collar crime vs. street crime essay White-collar crime vs. street crime essay White-collar crime vs. street crime essayTo start with, both street crime and white-collar crime have the major consequences. Robberies, thefts, and vandalism are considered to be serious crimes committed every day in the streets. Anyone can become the victims of street criminals. Often these crimes are committed under the influence of alcohol or drugs since ‘crime culture consists of a group or groups of individuals who live outside societal norms’ (Lifers, 2004, p. 57). As a result, street crime is one of the most dangerous types of crimes. This is due to the fact that the situation on the streets of big and small settlements creates a psychological climate for the population living here and contributes to the formation of public opinion about the criminal situation in a particular locality, region, country as a favorable or unfavorable impact on the formation of public opinion about the activities of criminal justice and the government as a whole. In this context, it is evident that the study of the regional aspects of street crime often serves as the determinants of specific criminal manifestations.The most typical street crimes are the following:crimes against life and health (murder, bodily injury);crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom (rape);crimes against property (theft, robbery, fraud);crimes against public security and public order (hooliganism, vandalism, illegal possession of weapons;crimes against public health (drug trafficking).In general, it is easier to prepare and to hide the committed crime in the city because the offenders can have more opportunities to use the proceeds of crime and to dissolve into the crowd of people. The development of the concept of ‘street crime’ has not only theoretical, but also practical significance. It is important to define the street boundaries, where the most typical and relatively resistant variants of criminal behavior can be found. Thus, one of the main elements of the scope of a city street is considered to be the predominant anonymity of communication and human behavior. Street criminals are basically young people with anti-social behavior formed on a background of alcohol or drugs, leading a parasitic way of life. Commonly ‘they have their own values, codes, practices, and principles that are oftentimes in direct opposition to the larger society’ (Lifers, 2004, p. 57). As a consequence, typical motives for street crime are to meet the need for purchasing alcoholic beverages or drugs.In addition to the above-mentioned information, it is possible to add that the determination of street crime is characterized by a complex and multi-layered character. In this connection, it is important to address the issues of determination of street crime and pay specific attention to the most important factors, such as the crisis in the economic, cultural, spiritual, legal spheres of today’s society. Consequently, ‘unemployment, rac ism, and discrimination plays in pushing people toward the criminal underclass,’ and thus, leading a parasitic way of life (Lifers, 2004, p. 57-58). As a result, these processes largely determine those currently existing negative social phenomena, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, vagrancy, etc., which are considered to be the major background in relation to the crime phenomenon.Given the above, we can understand street crime as a system of crime (against the person, against property, public safety, public order and public health), which is characterized by weak social controls, the passivity of citizens in regard to the prevention and suppression of criminal manifestations and anonymity of subjects of such relations.Warning street crime can be very effective and efficient when attracting people to prevent this type of crime. The forms of organization of the population may be different: the voluntary militias, which, incidentally, are recreated in most regions of the countr y, student (youth) operational units, community helpers, wardens and others. Attracting people to policing on the streets, the authorities implement a dual function: on the one hand, they increase the level of social control in the streets, and thereby reduce the potential for committing crimes, and on the other hand, they increase the legal awareness of citizens, the extent of their civil liability, form the right social views, and allow the population to feel their involvement in the work of criminal justice system.White-collar crimeTalking about white-collar crime, it is possible to say that in most instances this type of crime is financially more cost.   It is ‘estimated to cost the United States more than $300 billion annually (Berkeley, 2009, p. 201). However, this does not mean that white-collar crime does not cause harm to the individuals. In fact, it can inflict bodily harm upon people. For example, some corporations can be twice as deadly as a street offender, and thus, white collar crime can be even more dangerous than, for instance, street crime.White-collar crime is a type of crime carried out on the basis of belonging to a criminal number of persons acting as the representatives of governments, businesses, officers and officials. It is also widely known as fictitious economy (which is part of the informal economy), which refers to illegal activities employed in the formal economy agents associated with a hidden redistribution of legal income. This type of crime can include fraud, corruption, industrial espionage, tax evasion, false bankruptcy and others. This type of crime is considered to be the one that may do the most economic damage to our modern society among all other types of crimes. Also, white-collar crime is a violation of laws for the protection of the environment, bribery of officials in order to obtain lucrative contracts, and other forms of corruption. The multiple ways to deceive consumers in the production of goods, trade and services can also be understood as the types of white-collar crime. However, white-collar crime only in very rare cases becomes the object of criminal repression.In addition to intentional crimes committed in order to obtain property benefits, ‘white-collar crime’ is characterized by different   offenses related to criminal negligence, incompetence, violation of the technology of production, which can be very destructive to the individuals.The subject of this type of crime must have certain distinct features. The most important feature is one’s professional status, i.e. an official position and the fulfillment of certain administrative functions, as well as a high level of expertise within the field of economic activity. Actually, they are ‘crimes by individuals in prestigious positions’ (Champion, 2011, p. 35). On this basis, we can conclude that the subject of ‘white-collar’ crime is a senior officer or director of a legal entity (a person with some managerial responsibilities). In fact, ‘white-collar criminals have no special personality traits, and argue that these individuals are just ordinary people who view illegal activity as the most reasonable way out of a difficult financial situation’ (Watt, 2012, p. 5). Indeed, those people do not possess special personality patterns or unique characteristics; they are just the ordinary individuals with different prestigious positions and various managerial responsibilities.Hence, the object of this type of crime is the social relations in the sphere of economic activity and the normal functioning of the business. However, the state itself (represented by the authorities) can also serve as the major object of this type of crime. As a result, if the official organs of state power act as the subject of the economic crime, the damage is caused not only to individuals and institutions, but also to the entire system of state bodies in the form of undermin ing their authority.The investigations carried out by the law enforcement authorities usually do not end with the pursuit of practical ends, but on the contrary, perpetrators are brought to administrative responsibility. All the above features make it possible to formulate a clear definition of ‘white-collar’ crime as acquisitive crime being committed by senior officers, directors of legal persons, who possess high social status in the course of one’s occupation and professional activities and aimed at the interests of the state, society, businesses and individuals in the area of ​​economic activity and normal functioning of the business (Berkeley, 2009).Punishment for both types of crimeHence, it is possible to conclude that both street crime and white-collar crime have major consequences. Firstly, white-collar offences are understood ‘as equally serious as street crimes’ (Payne, 2012, p. 53) that have almost the same characteristics. However, their punishments are strongly different in many ways. By its nature, white-collar crime is a lot harder to detect because it takes many hours in order to build a case around it and they usually do not involve serious bodily harms or people’s deaths. In addition, they are ‘†¦difficult to prosecute because the perpetrators have access to sophisticated means to hide their activities and the wrongdoing can be hidden within legitimate economic activity’ (Berkeley, 2009, p. 201). Hence, they are referred to non-violent crimes motivated mainly by financial gain. If we are talking about the priorities, it is necessary to say that the law enforcements agencies are required to focus their particular attention on the violent crimes then, for instance, the property ones. The perfect examples of more violent crimes are street crimes that are understood as more visible. In this case, there are always the victims who have been seriously damaged or wounded. Hence, these crimes are given higher priority to prevent the offenders from committing the same crime again and again. As a result, the need to resolve street crimes and find the perpetrators is of great importance for law enforcement agencies.ConclusionThus, taking the above-mentioned information into consideration, it is possible to draw a conclusion that crime itself that accompanies us everywhere in our everyday lives is one of the main issues, which haunt today’s society. In this case, white-collar crime and street crime are both very serious offences against the individuals and the community as a whole. On a daily basis, people can hear of various rapes, robberies and murders. These particular crimes are called street ones. However, when we are talking about white-collar crime, it is possible to mention about cybercrime, fraud, corruption, false bankruptcy, industrial espionage, tax evasion, and others.   As a result, both crimes have their own victims and the effects of th ese crimes can be very destructive to the community. Both street crime and white-collar crime have major consequences. They both can inflict bodily harm upon people causing harm to the individuals. However, their punishments are strongly different in many ways. In fact, white-collar crime only in very rare cases becomes the object of criminal repression. In return, street crimes are given higher priority to prevent the criminals from committing the same crime again and again. As a result, the need to resolve these particular crimes and find the perpetrators is of great importance for law enforcement agencies.

Capital Structure Essay Example for Free

Capital Structure Essay Capital structure is how a company finances its overall operations and growth by using funds from equity or debt (Investopedia, 2012). Of course, every company must determine its preference on its debt-to-equity ratio and determine which capital structure works best for them. Some approaches to analyzing capital structure are: 1.EBIT – EPS: This analyzes the impact of debt on earnings per share (EPS). Optimizing shareholder’s wealth is the optimum goal and therefore, this approach analyzes the high EPS based on an expected range of earnings before income taxes (EBIT). 2.Valuation: Determines impact of debt use on shareholder’s value by determining the level of debt at which the benefits of increased debt no longer outweigh the increased risks and expenses associated with financing (Wenk, 2012) 3.Cash Flow: Analyzes a firm’s debt capacity by using the weighted average of cost of capital (WACC). The WACC is a calculation of a firm’s cost of capital in which each capital source (bonds, stock and other long-term debt) are proportionally weighted to determine how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances (Investopedia, 2012). Part of Competition Bikes’ (CB) main consideration in the decision to merge or acquire Canadian Biking is working capital. Lets use the EBIT – EPS approach to determine how to maximize shareholder return while minimizing the cost of capital. We currently know Canadian Biking’s moderate sales forecast of EBIT figures for the next 5 years (Year 9 – 13), therefore we can apply the EBIT – EPS approach to choose an optimal capital structure. The total of capital sources in each of the 5 years is $600,000. We will use EBIT – EPS to determine which assortment of bonds*, preferred stock, and common stock is the best option to increase Canadian Biking’s EPS. The five alternative capital structures include: Option 1: 100% Bonds (fully financed) Option 2: 50% Preferred Stock & 50% Common Stock (no bonds) Option 3: 20% Bonds & 80% Common Stock Option 4: 40% Bonds & 60% Common Stock Option 5: 60% Bonds & 40% Common Stock *Annual bond interest rate is 9% After using the EBIT – EPS approach using the forecasted EBIT amounts for Years 9 through 13, we can average the EPS for each of the 5 years to determine which capital structure produced the highest EPS. The EPS averages computed for the capital structure options are: Option 1: Average EPS = .0452 Option 2: Average EPS = .0542 Option 3: Average EPS = .0526 Option 4: Average EPS = .051 Option 5: Average EPS = .0494 Based on the EBIT – EPS approach, the recommended capital structure is option 2, â€Å"50% preferred stock & 50% common stock†. This is the best capital structure mainly because there are two things to consider: 1) long-term debt and associated interest expense and, 2) equity and # of common shares. Option 2 is the best capital structure because there are no bonds and therefore, no interest expense. For example, if we look at option 1 in Year 9, and the bond interest is 9%, then the bond interest expense is $54,000 (.09*600,00). This lowers the income before taxes by $54,000. Although companies can finance debt and use the interest expense deduction to lower their taxable income, it doesn’t make sense for Canadian Bikes to fully finance their capital, because the interest expense costs outweigh the benefit of the tax deduction, resulting in a significant decrease in total income available for common stock. Additionally, because the capital structure consists of 300,000 shares of preferred stock, the company must pay dividends of 5%, reducing the company’s total income available for common stock by $15,000 (.05 * 300,000). Although this reduces the total income available for common stock, the company will maximize its EPS by only having 50% capital in common stock. This reduces the total number of common shares outstanding, which means less shares to divide the total income among. Therefore, Option 2 is the most optimal capital structure that considers minimizing long-term  debt expenses and the optimal number of common shares in order to maximize shareholder return. Competition Bikes’ is considering building a manufacturing facility in a new Canadian location. The total investment for this project would be $600,000 USD. This consists of $400,000 to build the facility and an additional $200,000 in working capital to support operational costs. The company has projected cash flows over the next five years; therefore we can use cash flow budgeting methods such as net present value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) that consider time value of money for long-term investments (Pearson Education, Inc., 2008). Net present value analyzes the profitability of a project by determining the difference between the present value of the project’s cash inflows and outflows followed by subtracting the initial investment. (Investopedia, 2012). The decision rule applied to NPV is fairly simple, if the NPV is positive, invest; if the difference is negative, do not invest. Competition Bikes applies NPV to forecasted low and moderate sales for the next 5 years. After using the forecasted sales for low demand, the total present value (after subtracting cash outflows from inflows) is $560,719. If we subtract the initial investment of $600,000 from this amount, the NPV is -$39,281. This is a significant warning that the company should not proceed in building a manufacturing facility. On the other hand, if we use the forecasted sales for moderate demand, the total present value is $608,447. If we subtract the initial investment of $600,000, the NPV is $8,447. Therefore a positive NPV indicates the company should proceed with building the manufacturing facility. The biggest concern is determining which NPV to lean towards based on low or moderate sales. Unfortunately, the risk of having low sales outweighs the profitability benefit of having moderate sales. It is too risky for CB to move forward with the investment based on the NPV of low sales (-$39,281). In order for the company to profit from this investment, CB would need to have a moderate sales demand at minimum! The present value in NPV is calculated using an interest rate, also known as the required rate of return. CB’s required rate of return is 10%. When this interest rate is altered or calculated to make the total present value equal to the initial investment, the NPV becomes equal to zero; this is called the internal rate of return (IRR) (Pearson Education, Inc., 2008). The IRR is what a company can expect to earn from investing in the project and the higher the IRR, the more desirable the investment. The calculated IRR for low demand cash flows is 8.2% and the IRR for moderate demand cash flows is 10.4%. Based on these IRR figures, the company should not pursue the capital investment because the average IRR between both low and moderate sales is 9.3%. This is below the company’s required return on capital (hurdle rate) of 10% to pursue a capital investment. Again, the company would need to have a moderate sales demand, at minimum for this capital investment to be profitable and should therefore not pursue building a new manufacturing facility. CB must effectively obtain and manage working capital for the expansion of the operation. CB must first look at their operating cycle, cash conversion cycle and free cash flow factors in order to improve production and management of working capital. Let’s discuss the company’s current status of each of the working capital and cash flow factors and determine how the company can improve in these areas. First, the operating cycle involves CB sending the distributor a monthly invoice for all raw materials ordered with terms of net/30 days. This can be improved by renegotiating the payment terms will distributors to net/15 days. This would increase cash flows by improving payment turn around time and accounts receivable collections. Additionally, the company can improve its relations with its distributers to increase effectiveness of its collection process. Another operating cycle factor is ordering and paying for inventory. Currently, the company pays for inventory in the month following production and all inventory ordered for the month is used leaving inventory levels (at the end of each month) at consistent levels. In order  to improve working capital the company should utilize and lower its year ending inventory balance. For example, at the end of Year 8, the company had $91,573 worth of inventory left over. The company should utilize the current inventory on hand before ordering similar raw material items. This will decease cash flows and leave fewer inventories on hand at the end of the year. Currently the average time in inventory is 25 days. This is a substantial turnaround time currently, however in the future, the company can consider replacing labor workers with fixed asset items to improve production time. This will satisfy customer demand by decreasing delivery time and improve cash flows by invoicing customers more frequently than 25 days after production. CB’s cash conversion cycle factors also impact working capital. Currently, the CB’s suppliers invoice at the end of the month for orders that month with terms of net/15. CB does an excellent job of preserving its cash flows by paying the invoices on the 15th of the month following the order.. CB can improve its working capital by negotiating for longer payment terms, i.e. net/30 days, allowing for more time for the company to earn money to pay their invoices. If this is not possible, the company can improve its forecasting measurements for ordering supplies and order the majority of the supplies needed for the month at the beginning of the month. This would increase the amount of time the company has sufficient supplies on hand without having to pay more money, (because the suppliers will still invoice for the orders at the end of the month, regardless of how early in the month the supplies were ordered). This can increase working capital because it acts as a contingency plan, to reduce the likelihood of running out of supplies, avoiding delays, or ordering supplies in excess. Free cash flow factors also affect CB’s working capital. Currently, the company recognizes depreciation in both manufacturing overhead and as depreciation expenses depending on the fixed asset. The company can use their depreciation data to increase management of cash flows by predicting when the company will have to spend a significant amount of money to replace an asset when its useful life expires. This will prepare CB for those unwanted – although necessary – fixed asset costs. Currently the  corporation’s marginal tax rate is 25%. The company can consider obtaining working capital by financing debt. This will leave the company with an interest expense at the end of the year, which is deductible from gross earnings and results in paying lower taxes. After CB improves its working capital, let’s discuss how CB can use its working capital for the lease vs. buy option for a factory building in Canada. CB can use its working capital to cover the $50,000 down payment (or buy out option if they decide to lease) and $200,000 for operational costs of the new factory. According to the data provided for the lease vs. buy option, the lease option will preserve cash outflows of $12,339, (purchase cash outflows are $333,999 and lease cash outflows are $321,660). Therefore, the company should lease the manufacturing facility to preserve cash outflows. Leasing the facility will also allow CB to deduct annual interest payments (6% interest) from the gross earnings to lower their tax payments. This will increase the company’s net earnings at the end of the year, also resulting in higher retained earnings and increased shareholder value. CB should consider many factors when deciding to merge or acquire Canadian Biking. Let’s analyze the pros and cons between a merge vs. acquisition and determine what the best move would be for CB. First off, if the company were to merge with Canadian Biking, the potential EPS would increase by approximately .021. This shows potential for increased ownership earnings, but is it significant enough? At the same token, the price/earnings ratio for Canadian Bikes at the end of Year 8 was 9 and CB’s was 70. This shows that CB’s current investors are expecting greater earnings in Year 9 and are willing to pay $70 for $1 of current earnings. This is not the case with Canadian Biking’s investors. Unfortunately a low P/E ratio of 9 indicates that investors are not expecting a significant growth in company earnings. This raises a concern if the merge will result in a potential increase of .021 in EPS. On the other hand, a merge would result in lower costs because CB would not be purchasing Canadian Biking outright. Canadian Biking also has a lower cost competition bike that can decrease production costs and complement CB’s current bike model being offered. This will result in  greater net earnings and cash flows. If the company were to acquire Canadian Bikes, CB can expect a gradual increase in cash inflows over the next 5 years. However, the current offered sales price for Canadian Biking is $286,000; this is 30% more than what the company was valued at, at the end of Year 8. Although CB has enough working capital to make the purchase, it would take 5 years of gradually increasing cash inflows to recoup the price tag of $286,000. This means it could take approximately 5 years, before shareholders saw a significant increase in earnings per share. Based on the pro and cons, CB should merge with Canadian Bikes to lower their production and delivery costs, increase net income, EPS and cash flows, and preserve working capital. The price to acquire Canadian Biking is simply unreasonable based on predicted cash inflows over the next 5 years. The merger will enhance CB’s market position in Canada by having a local distributer to handle all customer orders and provide cost effective and great customer service to the growing Canadian market. References Investopedia. (2012). Capital Structure.

Working Groups and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working Groups and Teams - Essay Example Within that group, teams may be formed to achieve specific tasks in the way of achievement of the overall goal of the group. Group is a larger term as compared to a team. Another fundamental difference between a group and a team is that individual members of a group do not need to have concern with the achievement of the other members of the group whereas people forming part of a team have concern with and are affected by the performance of other members of the team. Challenges of communicating in a team are more than those in a group. Groups normally have a well-established and organized system of communication. There is a process through which message is conveyed and received, e.g. through emails or letters. The challenge of communication in a group is that it is more time consuming as compared to communication in a team. For example, let’s suppose the member of a political group writes a letter to the chairman of the party. The chairman might take long to reply. On the other hand, people working in a team are generally in constant connection with one another. Even if they are working separately at different places, they communicate through cell phones. Since the performance of one team-member affects that of all others, team-members are concerned to maintain constant contact with one another. However, communication in a team is very challenging since the team-members develop friction among one another while constantly working together. â€Å"Conflicting goals can quickly turn into personal dislike† (Mind Tools, 2012). Team members become agitated, develop attitude problems, and enter into dysfunctional conflicts. These team members avoid talking to one another and if they have to, there is always a risk that the conversation might end up in an argument. Effective collaboration within teams is more difficult to achieve as compared to the groups. The leader of the group can generate a